Rice. 4.12. Setting standard block parameters
In field Name Enter the title (name) of the standard block. The block name must be unique within the collection in which it will be stored. Different collections may have blocks with the same names.
In the dropdown list Collection select the collection in which the building block will be stored. The collection you select determines the order in which the block is inserted when creating the document. For blocks inserted directly into the document text, it is better to select a collection Express blocks. In addition, the collection Express blocks displayed as a list in the button menu Express blocks(cm. rice. 4.11).
In the dropdown list Category select a block category. Selecting a category determines the position of the block in the button menu Express blocks in Group Text tabs Insert. You can select one of the existing categories or create a new one. The presence of categories makes it easier to find the desired block in the button menu list Express blocks(cm. rice. 4.11).
In field Description You can enter arbitrary text for a clarifying description of the block being created, which will be displayed as a tooltip when you select a block. The field may not be filled in!
In the dropdown list Options select Paste content on the same page so that the standard block is inserted onto separate page. Select Paste content into the same paragraph to prevent the content from becoming part of another paragraph, even if the cursor is in the middle of the paragraph. All other content uses the parameter Paste content only.
After you create new building blocks or change their settings, when you end your session in Word 2010, you will be prompted to save your changes to the building blocks file ( rice. 4.13). Click the button Save.
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Rice. 4.13. Saving changes to a collection of blocks
5.3. Inserting a building block into a document
To insert a standard block into a document you need:
Place the cursor where the block will be inserted.
In the tab Insert in Group Text click the button Express blocks.
To insert a building block from a collection Express blocks find this block in the list ( rice. 4.14) and click on it with the mouse.
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Rice. 4.14. Inserting a building block
To insert a block from an arbitrary collection into a document:
From the button menu Express blocks select a team (see rice. 4.14).
In the dialog box Building Blocks Organizer (rice. 4.15) find the desired block and press the button Insert. For easier searching, you can sort blocks by names, collections, categories, templates, and descriptions. To sort, click on the corresponding button ( for example, click on the button Name to sort blocks by name).
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Rice. 4.15. Selecting a standard block
5.4. Changing a building block
5.4.1. Change content
The contents of a standard block cannot be changed.
You can delete an existing block and then create a new one with the same name.
You can replace an existing block.
Insert a building block.
Make the necessary changes.
Save the building block with the same name and the same parameters.
Yes.
5.4.2. Change settings
You can change the name of the building block, the collection in which it is located, add or change the description, etc.
In the tab Insert in Group Text click the button Express blocks and select a team Building Blocks Organizer(cm. rice. 4.14).
In the dialog box Building Blocks Organizer(cm. rice. 4.15 Change properties.
In the dialog box Changing a building block (rice. 4.16) change the parameters and click the button OK.
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Rice. 4.16. Changing standard block parameters
When prompted to override a building block, click Yes.
5.5. Removing a building block
In the tab Insert in Group Text click the button Express blocks and select a team Building Blocks Organizer(cm. rice. 4.14).
In the dialog box Building Blocks Organizer(cm. rice. 4.15) find the desired block and click the button Delete.
When prompted to delete a building block, click Yes.
6. Add a cover page
You can add a specially designed title (first) page to the document.
In the tab Insert in Group Pages click the button Front page and in the list that appears, select one of the proposed options ( rice. 4.17).
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Rice. 4.17. Selecting a cover page
The page you add may have pictures and other graphical objects, as well as prompts indicating the information you enter ( rice. 4.18).
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Rice. 4.18. Front page
Some fields on the cover page are filled in automatically, with information taken, for example, from the file properties. Some fields must be filled out yourself.
When filling out the fields, you do not have to follow the prompts provided. You can change the contents of automatically filled fields. You cannot leave blank fields; they should be removed.
The contents of the fields can be formatted as plain text. You can add text, tables, and graphic objects to the title page.
To remove the cover page in a tab Insert in Group Pages click the button Front page and in the menu that appears, select the command Delete current cover page(cm. rice. 4.17).
For a novice user, the Photoshop program will seem like a magical tool that, with mysterious ease, can change any photo beyond recognition. But how!? Tell! How he does it? What is the mechanism? What happens inside the photograph that it changes in any way, as if it were a chameleon? Nothing complicated, you just need to know what digital photography consists of and what rules apply to it, then everything will fall into place.
Namely, this is the type of graphics that Photoshop works with; it consists of tiny elements - pixels, like any object made of the smallest particles - atoms.
Pixels- these are tiny square-shaped elements that contain information about color, brightness and transparency. The term comes from crossing two English words - picture (image) And element.
A digital image file consists of vertical and horizontal rows of pixels that fill its height and width, respectively. How more pixels contains an image, the more detail it can display. They are elusive to the human eye because they are negligible. You'll have to zoom in a lot to see them:
Pay attention to . The visible part of the image is marked with a red frame. I zoomed in to 1200% on the area where the panda's nose and mouth are. As you can see, the image consists of a set of colored squares. When enlarged, it looks like a patchwork quilt of square pieces.
By looking closely, you can understand the basic principles of image construction:
1. Pixels are square in shape and arranged in a grid in the image (think of a checkered notebook sheet).
2. Squares are always strictly one specific color; they cannot even be a gradient. Even if it seems to you that some square is shimmering in color, then this is nothing more than an optical illusion. Enlarge this area even more and you will see this.
3. A smooth transition between colors occurs due to gradually changing tones of adjacent pixels. Even the line of contact of contrasting colors can contain more than a dozen tones.
Image Resolution
The concept of image resolution is inextricably linked with pixels.
Permission digital photography is written as follows: 1920×1280. This notation means that the image is 1920 pixels wide and 1280 pixels high, that is, these numbers are nothing more than the number of those very small squares in one row and column.
By the way, if you multiply these two numbers - 1920x1280 (in my example it turns out 2,457,600 pixels), then we get the total number "shreds", of which a specific image is composed. This number can be reduced and written as 2.5 megapixels (MP). You came across such abbreviations when you got acquainted with the characteristics of a digital camera or, for example, the camera in a smartphone. Equipment manufacturers indicate the maximum value that their product is capable of. This means that the higher the MP number, the higher the resolution of future images can be.
So, the higher the resolution, the smaller the pixels, which means the quality and detail of the image increases. But a photograph with a higher resolution will also weigh more - such is the price of quality. Since each pixel stores certain information, as their number increases, more computer memory is required, which means their weight increases. For example, the photo with bears at the top of the article with a resolution of 655x510 weighs 58 KB, and a photo with a resolution of 5184x3456 will take up 6 MB.
Pixel sizes and printing
It is important to differentiate situations when we talk about pixel sizes and their impact on the quality of the photo.
Looking at images on a monitor screen, we see that the pixel sizes are always the same. The computer resolution size is considered 72 dpi.
Note
Please note that when you create a new document in Photoshop, the program offers you exactly this value by default:
When viewing large photographs on a computer, for example, 5184 × 3456, you can feel how detailed it is, there is no grain and no defects, it is bright and clear. But believe me, such a photo is again 72 dots per inch. Just for fun, let’s open the image properties:
A large photo will look great on a computer due to its scale. What is your screen resolution? Obviously not 5184x3456, but smaller. This means that the computer must reduce such a photograph so that it fits entirely on the computer screen. The pixels are compressed and their sizes are reduced, which means great image quality. If you were to view such a photo at its original size, you could easily see blur and fade in the image, as well as hard edges of contrasting details.
Pixel sizes are something that people mostly think about when it comes to printing a photo. Here 72 points may not be enough.
For example, I created a document measuring 655x400 pixels with a resolution of 72 pixels. Look at the column print size:
Photoshop has calculated that an image of 655x400 with a resolution of 72 pixels can be printed on paper measuring 9.097x5.556 inches (in centimeters this is 23.11x14.11)
655 pixels wide divided by 72 pixels per inch = 9.097 inches wide
400 pixels divided by 72 pixels per inch = 5.556 inches in height
It would seem, “Wow! What a big sheet of paper you can print on!” But in fact the photo will look something like this:
Blurred photo, no sharpness or clarity.
Printers are considered high-resolution devices, so in order for photos to print beautifully, you either need to print photos initially at a large size, like mine 5184x3456, or change the number of dots per inch in the range of 200 to 300.
I’ll take the same 655x400 image again, but change the number of pixels to 200, this is what Photoshop writes:
The print size has decreased by almost three times. Our image now prints 200 pixels onto 1 inch of paper.
What happens is that the image will be small, hardly fit into a standard 10 by 15 photograph, but it will be of high quality, clear and detailed.
It turns out that for printing photographs there is a certain minimum size permissions. If the picture is initially small in size, as mine was, then oh good quality the press has nothing to even think about.
What size should an image be in order to print it beautifully?
Let's say you came back from a vacation from Crimea, or took 100,500 photographs of a child and, of course, want to print something in a photo album (example 1), and make one of the most remarkable ones in the form of a painting on the wall (example 2). Let's figure out what size such photographs should be and whether modern cameras can achieve this.
Example 1
So, as a rule, a photo album contains photos of the size 10×15 cm(in inches this is 3.937×5.906). Now we’ll find out what the minimum photo size should be for everything to print beautifully. For calculations we take a resolution of 200 dpi.
200 pixels per inch x 3.937 inches wide = 787 pixels;
200 pixels per inch x 5.906 inches high = 1181 pixels.
That is, a photograph 10×15 cm = 787×1181 pixels, minimum (!)
And having learned the total number of pixels in this resolution (787 × 1181 = 929447 pixels), rounded to the nearest million, we get 1MP (megapixel). I already wrote that the number of megapixels is this most important characteristic modern cameras. The average number of MP in cameras and smartphones reaches approximately 8 MP.
This means that current technology will easily make it possible to take photographs that are immediately suitable for printing images in 10×15 cm.
Example 2
Now let’s look at the case when you have chosen a photograph and want to hang it on the wall in a frame measuring, say, 30x40 cm (I took the frame size from the IKEA store catalog), I’ll immediately convert it to inches: 11.811x15.748. For this size of photo, I would take the maximum resolution size: 300 dpi, this is already considered professional and the highest quality print (just what you need for a large framed picture). And now the calculations:
300 pixels per inch x 11.811 inches wide = 3543 pixels;
300 pixels per inch x 15.748 inches high = 4724 pixels.
Therefore, your photo must be at least 3543x4724 pixels. We multiply the values and get 16,737,132 pixels or 17 MP!
Thus, to print a photo into a frame, you will need a powerful camera. In this range are already being considered. And this is an expensive and serious type of technology.
In general, you should now be able to understand at least a little how the Photoshop program works and how all these photo editing shenanigans are achieved. Having learned about pixels, their properties and capabilities, this process should no longer seem like magic.
If you notice an error in the text, select it and press Ctrl + Enter. Thank you!
With the advent of photography in the first half of the 19th century, a natural desire to enlarge the image to the size of an artistic canvas could not help but arise. One of the real and most effective ways, which is still used to this day, consisted of redrawing cell by cell, but today such advice is rarely given, because it is quite obvious that those who want to enlarge an image are interested in how to increase the size of photographs on a computer.
Image size on PC monitor
Since we're talking about a PC, let's say that on the monitor the size of images is reduced/increased using the Ctrl (-/+) key combination or the mouse wheel with the same Ctrl key pressed. And if you're online, you can influence the size of the image by changing the scale in the "View" tab in the browser menu. No one is forbidden to resolve), calling this command by clicking right button mouse directly on the desktop.
Now, if you follow the principle “from simple to complex,” you need to figure out how to increase the size of photos in Paint, because, firstly, this is a standard graphics editor (Start > All Programs > Accessories), which comes with the operating system. Windows system, and secondly, many are not aware of some of its abilities, including the “Resize” button on the “Home” tab.
Stretch the picture in Paint
In the "Resize and Skew" dialog box, you usually check the "Maintain proportions" checkbox and specify either a percentage or a specific value in pixels. In the second case, it is enough to specify only the desired image width (change horizontally) for the second parameter to change automatically.
Some versions of Paint also have a "Points" option that allows you to enter specific dimensions for the image. If everything is OK, tell the editor so.
When figuring out how to enlarge, most users probably don’t even consider it necessary to add that without loss of quality, believing that this goes without saying. However, this tacit condition is not so easy to satisfy, because the image can be roughly compared to a mosaic of multi-colored pixels. It is not difficult to imagine what the picture will look like if it is simply stretched, because the number of informative pixels will remain the same, but the physical size will increase.
In order to somehow maintain quality to a certain extent, you need to fill the “voids” taking into account the content of the surrounding pixels. Unfortunately, good old Paint is far from the best at this, but there are many programs that, using various algorithms for interpolating data between stretched pixels (resample methods), can enlarge images with very decent quality. Most of these services, among which the paid PhotoZoom Pro is especially popular, are functionally similar and easy to use, but simply recommending them to those who want to learn how to increase the size of photos in Photoshop would be an evasive answer.
Photoshop's ability to resize photos
If you are going to enlarge an image, you must keep in mind that the result directly depends on the quality and size of the source material. After loading the photo into Photoshop, select the “Image Size” command in the “Image” menu, thereby opening a window of the same name, in which you conduct a dialogue with the program.
If you completely trust the program, you can only specify the width and height in the fields of the "Document Size" block, and leave the remaining parameters selected by default, including the "Interpolation" function (Resample Image) and the "Bicubic Automatic" resampling method (Bicubic), which is generally preferred over the other five algorithms. Then use the “Auto…” button to open the “Automatic resolution selection” window, select the desired quality (the default is “Good”) and click OK.
Note: Resampling is a function that controls the amount of data in images that are resized or resized.
Little tricks
Perhaps not everyone knows about some well-known recommendations on how to increase the size of photographs with minimal loss of quality using any graphic editor with correction and resampling functions, but it does not have to be Photoshop.
First, you need to prepare the original image by slightly enlarging it and carefully examining it for noise, blurry areas (where they should not be), various spots and other possible defects. All shortcomings must be eliminated (corrected) and only then proceed to resizing.
Next, you need to enlarge the photo twice as large as planned, work with sharpness, contrast, saturation, then return to the desired size and make sure that the quality remains at the proper level. Here's a little trick, but that's not all.
What can people come up with in search of original solution how to increase the size of photos.
It turns out that if you enlarge the image size by 10%, there will be no visual deterioration in quality. This suggests an obvious conclusion: by repeatedly increasing the size by 10%, you can... well, then - who has any imagination. But this method is not universal, and its indiscriminate use for all photographs in a row will not necessarily lead to good results, which largely depend on various quality parameters of the image, including the format. For example, they manage to stretch a black and white photograph up to 50%.
These “secret” techniques are permissible only in cases where for some reason there are no other options, and, most likely, the “cunning production” will require very serious post-processing in Photoshop.
Specialized programs
If you need an answer to the question of how to increase the size of photos with minimal headaches, use one of the specialized programs that have more interpolation algorithms than Photoshop and their own original technologies. In addition to the previously mentioned PhotoZoom Pro program, these services are: Perfect Resiz, Reshade Image Enlarger, OnOne Genuine Fractals Pro v6.0, Akvis Magnifier v3.0 and others.
understanding of basic concepts computer graphics.Computer graphics is a field of computer science that deals with the creation, storage and processing of various images (drawings, drawings, animations) on a computer.
Computer graphics are classified by type of presentation graphic information, and the image processing algorithms that follow from it. Computer graphics are usually divided into vector and raster.
Under raster understand the way of representing an image as a collection of individual dots (pixels) of different colors or shades.
When you enlarge the raster image several times, it becomes clear that the image consists of a finite number of “squares” of a certain color. These squares are called pixels.
In vector graphics, all images are described in the form of mathematical objects - contours, i.e. the image is divided into a number of graphic primitives - points, straight lines, broken lines, arcs, polygons.
Both of these methods of encoding graphic information have their own characteristics and disadvantages.
Raster graphics allows you to create (reproduce) almost any design using more than 16 million shades of colors, regardless of complexity.
Raster representation of an image is natural for most graphics input/output devices, such as monitors, matrix and inkjet printers, digital cameras, scanners.
The main problem with raster graphics is the large volume of files containing images: than more quantity pixels and the smaller their sizes, the better the image looks.
Second drawback raster images associated with the impossibility of enlarging them to examine details. Since the image consists of dots, enlarging the image only causes the dots to become larger and resemble a mosaic. No additional details can be seen when enlarging the raster image. Moreover, increasing the raster dots visually distorts the illustration and makes it rough. This effect is called pixelation (from pixel– the smallest element of the image, a point (like an atom in a molecule)).
Rice. 1.1.
U vector images, on the contrary, the file size does not depend on the real size of the object, which allows, using the minimum amount of information, describe an arbitrarily large object with a file of minimal size.
Descriptions of objects can be easily changed. This also means that various operations with the drawing, such as moving, scaling, rotating, filling, etc., do not degrade its quality.
Rice. 1.2.
The disadvantages of vector graphics include the following:
- The ability to display in vector form is not available for every object: this may require dividing the object into a very large number vector lines, which greatly increases the amount of memory occupied by the image and the time it takes to draw it on the screen.
- The vector format does not make it possible to display smooth color transitions or maintain photographic accuracy of the image.
The choice of raster or vector format depends on the goals and objectives of working with the image. Each type of computer graphics was developed to solve specific problems and has its own specific area of application.
If photographic color accuracy is needed, then a raster is preferable. It is more convenient to present logos, diagrams, and design elements in vector format.
Pixels, resolution, image size
The dimensions of raster images are expressed as the number of pixels horizontally and vertically, for example, 600×800. IN in this case this means the image width is 600 and the height is 800 pixels. The number of horizontal and vertical dots may vary for different images.
When an image is displayed on the surface of a screen or paper, it occupies a rectangle of a certain size. For optimal placement of an image on the screen, it is necessary to coordinate the number of pixels in the image, the proportions of the image sides with the corresponding parameters of the display device.
The degree of detail of the image, the number of pixels (dots) allocated per unit area is called resolution.
If the image pixels are output one to one by the output device pixels, the size will be determined only by the resolution of the output device. Accordingly, the higher the screen resolution, the more dots are displayed in the same area and the less grainy and better quality your picture will be.
At large quantities dots placed in a small area, the eye does not notice the mosaic pattern. The opposite is also true: low resolution will allow the eye to notice the raster of the image (“steps”).
A high image resolution with a small plane size of the display device will not allow the entire image to be displayed on it, or during output the image will be “adjusted”, for example, for each displayed pixel the colors of the part of the original image falling within it will be averaged. If necessary, display a small image large on a device with high resolution you have to calculate the colors of intermediate pixels.
It should be clearly distinguished: screen resolution; printer resolution; image resolution.
All these concepts refer to different objects. These types of permissions are in no way related to each other, until you need to find out which physical size will have a picture on the monitor screen, a print on paper or a file on the hard drive.
Screen (screen image) resolution- this is a property computer system(depending on the monitor and video card) and operating system(depends on Windows settings). Screen resolution is measured in pixels and determines the size of the image that can fit entirely on the screen. To measure screen resolution, the designation ppi (pixel per inch) is used.
Printer resolution (printed image) is a printer property that expresses the number of individual dots that can be printed on a unit length area (raster). It is measured in units of dpi (dots per inch) and determines the size of the image at a given quality or, conversely, the image quality at given size. Depending on the type of paper, choose the following raster frequency values: for newsprint - 70-90 dpi, for medium quality paper - 90-100 dpi, for glossy - 133 dpi and higher.
Image resolution (original) is a property of the image itself. The original resolution is used when entering an image into a computer and is measured in dots per inch (dpi), set when creating an image in graphic editor or using a scanner. Setting the original resolution depends on your image quality and file size requirements. IN general case The rule applies: the higher the quality requirements, the higher the resolution of the original should be.
The image resolution value is stored in the image file and is inextricably linked to another property of the image - its physical size.
Physical size Images can be measured both in pixels and in length units (millimeters, centimeters, inches). It is set when the image is created and is stored with the file.
If an image is being prepared for display on a screen, then its width and height are specified in pixels in order to know how much of the screen it occupies. If an image is being prepared for printing, then its size is specified in length units in order to know how much of the sheet of paper it will occupy.
Depending on your goal and desire, resizing an image in a graphics editor can be done in several ways. This can be done either by changing the scale of the main part of the image and its proportions, or by preserving them.
Since increasing the size of an image almost always leads to a loss of quality, in the vast majority of cases, resizing means reducing it.
Let's look at some of the ways to resize an image. We will use this photo as a source:
Resize an image using the Resize command
In this way, you can reduce or enlarge the entire image with or without preserving its proportions.
1. Open the image in Paint.NET and open the resize window ( Image - Resize…):
As you can see, in this window it is possible to set the resizing quality, set the size in percentage terms, as well as specify the absolute size and resolution of the image.
In most cases, specifying the absolute size of the image is used (enabled by default). Therefore, we just need to enter in the field “ Width" or " Height» the desired value and click on the button « OK».
We indicate in the field “ Width" value 250. As you can see, in the field " Height» the meaning has also changed:
This happens due to the inclusion of the “ Maintain proportions" You can remove it and put your own value in the “Height” field. But it should be taken into account that the image will be distorted. Compare two images - with the " Maintain proportions"and without it:
Using the command " Resize"You can not only reduce the image, but also enlarge it.
Reduce the size of an image using the Canvas Size command
If you need to reduce the size of an image, but you don’t want it to be scaled down at the same time, you can use the “ Canvas size».
When using this command, the area of the image will be changed according to the entered dimensions, but the elements of the image itself will not change size. The image will simply be cropped to the required size:
It is clear that this method of image reduction can be used only when there is one most significant area on it and the loss of other image elements is not terrible.
Using the command " Canvas size"You can also increase the area of the image. The additional size will be created by attaching empty areas to the edges of the image (their color will match the secondary color set in the palette):
To call the window for resizing the canvas, use the command ( Image - Canvas size…):
As you can see, the window for this operation is very similar to the resizing window. It has fields for setting the size in percentage and absolute terms, as well as a tool for selecting the area to pin the image.
Using the docking tool, you can specify the area of the image that will be considered the main one when resizing the canvas. Typically, this area is the one in which the main object of the image is located.
Reduce the size of an image using the Crop to Selection command
Another command that can be used to reduce the size of an image is the command " Crop to selection" The main advantage, compared to the team " Canvas size"is that in this case we can specify the area we need more precisely. The downside is that selecting an area with exact dimensions is more difficult.
To use this command, we first need to select the required area on the image, and then apply the command “ Crop to selection».
We can select an area in the image using any selection tools, but most often we use the “ Selecting a rectangular area" Use it to specify the required area:
After the required part of the image is selected, apply the command “ Crop to selection"(located on the toolbar):
That's all. After the above operations, you can save the results or continue manipulating them.