All footnotes and footnotes are written on the page to which they relate (the line spacing is 1,0 , point size - 12 ). All quotes and materials taken from other sources must be bibliographic references indicating author, title quoted source, year of publication And pages. In footnotes, in contrast to the list of used literature, you do not have to indicate information about the compilers, editors, or volume of the publication.
Quotes are often used in the works. A quotation—a verbatim quotation of an excerpt from a work—is highlighted in quotation marks and provided with a bibliographic reference (footnote) to the source. It is not allowed to refer to unpublished sources.
If part of the text is taken into the quotation, i.e. not from the beginning of the phrase, as well as with gaps within the quoted part of the source, then the place of the gap is indicated by dots (three dots). When quoting, it is permissible to use modern spelling and punctuation, to omit words, indicating the omission with an ellipsis, if the author’s thoughts are not distorted.
A non-verbatim quotation of an excerpt from a work is not highlighted in quotation marks, but is also provided with a link to the source.
In the text of the work, when any author is mentioned, his initials are indicated first, then his last name (for example, according to I.I. Ivanov; as emphasized by P.P. Sidorov, etc.). In a footnote, on the contrary, the surname is indicated first, then the initials of the author.
The need for footnotes also appears if, in the process of covering any issue, it becomes necessary to make certain clarifications. In these cases, in order not to be distracted from the presentation of the main idea, the footnote explains the meaning of the term, contains historical information, etc. The presentation of additional material in the footnotes indicates the breadth of the author’s horizons and his knowledge of other sciences.
Footnotes have continuous sequential numbering throughout the entire work. At the end of the quotation it is placed in square brackets a number indicating its serial number on the page. At the bottom of the page, under the line separating the footnote from the text, this number is repeated and followed by the name of the source (book, magazine, newspaper, Internet source) from which the quotation was taken, with its full details, and then the number of the cited page.
For example:
when quoting: Isaev B.A. Practical party theory: the genesis of parties and party-political systems. – St. Petersburg, 2010. – P. 181.
When reproducing quotes from other works, it is necessary to indicate the source of borrowing, for example: “Cit. By:".
When referring throughout the entire work to only one work of any author, in repeated references the title of the work is omitted and replaced with the words “Decree. cit.”, for example: See: Moscovici S. Decree. op. – P. 55.
Abbreviations of long titles of works are allowed, for example: Farukshin M.Kh. Modern federalism: Russian and foreign experience. – Kazan, 1998. – P. 10. (first link); Farukshin M.Kh. Modern federalism... - P. 15. (repeated link).
IN different types Scientific research works (reports, abstracts, essays, dissertations, etc.) resort to citation. Therefore, the correct formatting of footnotes (according to GOST 2017 we analyze an example in this material) always remains a pressing issue.
This is a painstaking task, takes a lot of time and requires certain knowledge. Entrust its implementation to our experienced authors if you are not sure about something. With us - quickly and to the required standards!
Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - example in diploma dissertations
The text of the dissertation may include:
- footnotes, marked with quotation marks and a reference index to the source with the exact imprint;
- footnotes, retold in your own words (without quotes), but indexed, with an exact indication of the source.
In this type of work, footnotes are most often placed in square brackets. If the bibliographic list is compiled as references to sources appear in the text block, then the surname and initials of the author and other output data are indicated in brackets. For example: “...in the work on the psychology of color it was noted...”. If information is used from sources with big amount pages, then in the inline footnote (aka link) you must accurately indicate the numbers of pages, tables, formulas, etc. from the source to which the link was given.
Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - an example in dissertations
There are some differences in the formatting of references in an abstract and a dissertation. Thus, bibliographic references in the abstract are given in round brackets, indicating the author’s name and the year of publication. For example: (Kononov, 2013).
In dissertations, footnotes are formatted in square brackets indicating the serial number of the source in the list of references and the corresponding page. For example: .
Dissertation papers often use footnotes at the bottom of the same page where the cited information is provided. In this case, in footnotes to books or scientific articles published in collections of scientific works, periodicals, etc., the name of the author and the title of the work, place, name of the publication, year, issue number of the scientific collection or journal, page, page must be indicated. which the information provided is posted.
In the text of the work, a footnote is indicated by a superscript footnote (Word has this option). The footnotes themselves are located at the bottom of the page with a paragraph, separated to the left of the main text by a thin line, they use Times New Roman, font 10, single spacing, Arabic numerals. For each page there is a separate numbering of footnotes.
It is recommended to make footnotes in the main text to your own scientific publications (if any). When referring to sections, subsections, etc. indicate their numbers. In this case, you should write: “in section 2...”, “see 3.2”.
Formatting footnotes according to GOST 2017 - example text
Let's look at a few examples of footnote design.
Example #1:
- Yalbulganova D.S. Financial control: legal regulation. M., 2013. P. 83.
- Yalbulganova D.S. Decree. op. P. 90.
- Yalbulganova D.S. Right there. P. 90.
Thus, if the same work is cited in a row, use the words “Ibid.” (in the foreign version - “Ibid.”), “Decree. Op." (“Op. cit.” in foreign), which means “the said work.”
According to GOST 7.32-2001, footnotes are placed immediately after the text, figure or table to which they relate. The footnote sign is placed immediately after the word, number, symbol, sentence to which an explanation is given. The footnote sign is performed superscript and subscript with Arabic numerals “1”. Links are numbered page by page. The footnote is placed at the end of the page with a paragraph indent, separated from the text by a short horizontal line to the left. Font color – black, without underlining. Font size (point size) - no less than 10. Spacing - 1-1.15. Font type - Times New Roman.
Requirements for sources:
Federal laws should be written in the following format:
Federal Law dated [date] No. [number] “[title]” // [official source of publication, year, number, article]
If a legislative collection or publication of a separate law was used when writing the work, the law (order, etc.) should still be written down in the list of references, indicating the official source of the publication. For federal acts, such sources are: “Collection of legislation Russian Federation", "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "Collection of Acts of the President and Government of the Russian Federation", etc.
General requirements for the description of literary scientific works and articles:
After indicating the author's surname and initials, the title of the scientific work is separated by a space - space - sign "//" - space - City: publishing house - year of publication. – P.__-__, or the total number of pages – p. _ _ _. Along with the basic requirements, the design of references to articles in periodicals and scientific collections, to works from multi-volume publications, etc. has certain features.
The design of references is regulated by GOST R 7.0.5-2008 “Bibliographic reference. General requirements and rules of compilation." The standard applies to bibliographic references used in any published or unpublished documents in any media.
When repeating references to the same object, references are distinguished:
primary, in which bibliographic information is presented for the first time in this document;
repeated, in which previously specified bibliographic information is repeated in an abbreviated form.
If there are several reference objects, then they are combined into one complex bibliographic reference. References included in a complex reference are separated from each other by a semicolon, with spaces before and after the semicolon. Several objects in one link are arranged in alphabetical or chronological order, either according to the principle of a single graphic basis - Cyrillic, Latin, etc., or in each language separately (according to the alphabet of language names). If the complex includes several consecutive links containing records with identical headings (works of the same authors), then the headings in the second and subsequent links can be replaced by their verbal equivalents “His”, “Her”, “Theirs” , or - for documents in languages using Latin script - “Idem”, “Eadem”, “Iidem”.
Unlike the description of a source in the list of literature, in references it is allowed to replace the prescribed dot and dash sign separating areas of the bibliographic description with a dot, and omit square brackets for information borrowed not from the source of information itself.
If the text is cited not from the original source, but from another document, then at the beginning of the link the words are given: “Cit. by: "(quoted by), "Cited by: ", indicating the source of borrowing, for example:
Quote by: Florensky P. A. At the watersheds of thought. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1990. - T. 2. - P. 27.
To link interlinear bibliographic references with the text of the document, a footnote sign is used; To connect extra-text bibliographic references with the text of the document, a callout sign or reference is used, which is given in the form of numbers (ordinal numbers), letters, asterisks and other signs.
1 Tarasova V.I. Political history of Latin America. - M., 2006. - P. 305.
3 Kutepov V.I., Vinogradova A.G. Art of the Middle Ages / edited by. ed. V. I. Romanova. - Rostov n/d: NORM, 2006. – 320 p.
It is allowed, if there is bibliographic information about the component in the text, to indicate only information about the identifying document in the sublinear reference:
2 Adorno T.V. Towards the logic of social sciences // Issues. philosophy. - 1992. - No. 10. - P. 76-86.
For entries on Internet resources, it is allowed if the text contains information identifying the electronic resource remote access, in the subscript link indicate only his email address - URL (Uniform Resource Locator):
2 Official periodicals: electronic. guide / Ros.nat. b-ka, Center for Legal Information. [SPb.], 2005-2007. URL: http://www.nlr.ru/lawcenter/izd/index.html (access date: 01/18/2007).
or, if this publication is referred to in the text of the document:
2 URL: http://www.nlr.ru/lawcenter/izd/index.html
When numbering interlinear bibliographic references, a uniform order is used throughout of this document: pagination throughout the text, within each chapter, section, part, etc., or - for a given page of the document.
Bibliographic information is indicated in the description in the form in which it is given in the described source of information. Missing clarifying information, as well as completely missing necessary data, are formulated based on an analysis of the document. In this case, information formulated on the basis of an analysis of the document, as well as borrowed from sources outside the document, is given in square brackets in all areas of the bibliographic description, except for the notes area.
When compiling a bibliographic description, you can use abbreviation of words and phrases, omission of part of an element, and other reduction techniques. The main condition for abbreviating words is the unambiguity of their understanding and ensuring decoding. Abbreviations are used in all areas of bibliographic description. However, it is not permissible to abbreviate any title in any field (unless the abbreviation appears in the source of information being described). In some cases, for example, when writing a very long title, it is permissible to use a shortening method such as omitting individual words and phrases, if this does not lead to a distortion of the meaning.
Capital letters are used in accordance with the modern rules of grammar of the language in which the bibliographic description is compiled, regardless of what letters are used in the source of information. The first word of each area begins with capital letters, as well as the first word of the following elements: the general designation of the material and any titles in all areas of the description. All other elements are written with a lowercase letter. At the same time, capital letters and lower case in the official names of modern organizations and other proper names.
The design of the title of a bibliographic record is regulated by GOST 7.80-2000. “Bibliographic record. Title. General requirements and rules of compilation."
If a document has specific authors, then the name of the author is given before the description. If there are two or three authors, as a rule, only the name of the first is indicated. If there are four or more authors, then the description of the document begins with the title, and the authors follow it through a slash.
The surname is given at the beginning of the title and then the initials of the name and patronymic. A dot is placed after the given name.
According to GOST 7.1-2003, the main title may contain an alternative title, connected to it by the conjunction “or” and written with a capital letter. A comma is placed before the conjunction “or” (for example: The Science of Joy, or How to Avoid an Appointment with a Psychotherapist).
The following is information related to the title, i.e. containing information revealing and explaining the main title, including another title (subtitle), information about the type, genre, purpose of the work, an indication that the document is a translation from another language, etc.
According to GOST 7.1-2003, information about responsibility contains information about persons and organizations involved in the creation of the intellectual, artistic or other content of the work that is the object of the description. They may consist of the names of persons and (or) names of organizations along with words specifying the category of their participation in the creation of the work that is the object of the description. Information about responsibility is recorded in the form in which it is indicated in the source of information.
The name of the place of publication and distribution is given in the form and case indicated in the prescribed source of information.
M.: Science: Prospect: Infra-M
If there are several groups of information, including the place of publication and the publishing house associated with it, they are indicated sequentially and separated from each other by a semicolon (space, semicolon, space). The number of groups may be limited.
The publication date is the year of publication of the document that is the subject of the description. The year is indicated in Arabic numerals, preceded by a comma.
According to GOST 7.1-2003, the area of physical characteristics contains a designation of the physical form in which the object of description is presented, in combination with an indication of the volume and, if necessary, the size of the document, its illustrations and accompanying material that is part of the object of description.
The area provides information about the number of physical units (in Arabic numerals) and the specific designation of the material. Information about the type of material is provided in the language of the bibliographic institution.
2 electrons wholesale disk
Information about the volume is given in the same numerals (Roman or Arabic) that are used in the description object.
XII, 283 p.
Examples of the main possible footnotes to sources and scientific literature:
Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated June 21, 2005 No. 190-z On the procedure for vesting local government bodies with certain state powers of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as amended. Laws of the Republic of Belarus dated December 28, 2005 No. 267-z, dated October 10, 2006 No. 355-z, dated November 3, 2006 No. 370-z. // Republic of Bashkortostan. – 2008, February 1.
Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2001. - December 31.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, ratified on March 30, 1998 N 54-FZ // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1998. - No. 14. – St. 1514.
Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Ufa.: IP Polyakovsky Yu.I., 2006. - 40 p.
Review of cassation and supervisory practice in criminal cases for the first half of 2008. Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated October 22, 2008 // URL:vs.bkr.sudrf.ru
Address of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation November 12, 2010 // URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5979
Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of June 10, 2005 No. 1979-IV GD Regulations on the Public Youth Chamber under the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation, 2005. - No. 25. - Art. 2481.
Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of February 14, 2000 No. 7 “On judicial practice in cases of juvenile crimes” as amended on February 6, 2007 // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, No. 4, 2000.
Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” as amended on June 29, 2005, as amended on February 2, 2006 No. 19-FZ // Russian newspaper. – 2006. - February 8.
Dal V.I. Dictionary living Great Russian language. - M.1998. - P.188.
Dolgov V.V. Komsomol in eliminating unemployment during the NEP // Youth: sociology, politics, history: Newsletter. -1991, - No. 2. – p.30-36
Enikeev Z.D. System of fundamental rights, freedoms and responsibilities of the individual according to the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan // Bulletin of Justice. Ufa. 1998. P.8-14.
Zabelin P.V. Youth policy: strategy, ideas, prospects. - M.: “Luch”, 1998. – 86 p.
Article from the book:
Dvinyaninova, G. S. Compliment: Communicative status or strategy in discourse / G. S. Dvinyaninova // Social power of language: collection. scientific tr. / Voronezh. interregion Institute of Societies. Sciences, Voronezh. state University, Fak. Romano-Germanic. stories. - Voronezh, 2001. - P. 101-106.
Article from the serial publication:
Mikhailov S.A. Driving like a European: the toll road system in Russia is in its infancy. stages of development / Sergey Mikhailov // Nezavisimaya gas. - 2002. - June 17.
Bogolyubov A.N. On real resonances in a waveguide with inhomogeneous filling / A. N. Bogolyubov, A. L. Delitsyn, M. D. Malykh // Vestn. Moscow un-ta. Ser. 3, Physics. Astronomy. - 2001. - No. 5. - P. 23-25.
Section, chapter:
Maly A.I. Introduction to the legislation of the European Community // Institutions of the European Union: textbook. allowance / Al. Maly, J. Campbell, M. O'Neil. - Arkhangelsk, 2002. - Section 1. - pp. 7-26.
Glazyrin, B. E. Automation of individual operations in Word 2000 [Text] / B. E. Glazyrin // Office 2000: 5 books. in 1: tutorial / E. M. Berliner, I. B. Glazyrina, B. E. Glazyrin. - 2nd ed., revised. - M., 2002. - Ch. 14. - pp. 281-298.
Reviews:
Gavrilov, A.V. How does it sound? // Book. review. - 2002. - March 11 (No. 10-11). - P. 2. - Rec. on the book: Musical reserve. 70s: problems, portraits, cases / T. Cherednichenko. - M.: New lit. review, 2002. - 592 p.
In accordance with these requirements, the used sources and literature are included in the BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.
By purpose of quotation can be roughly divided into:
- quotes followed by the author's interpretation;
- quotes given as confirmation or addition to the author’s own reasoning.
Quoting can be:
- direct, when the text is reproduced verbatim and a specific source page is indicated;
- indirect, when the author's idea is not given verbatim. In this case, before the link to the document, put See:...
General rules for formatting quotations.
- Quotes must exactly match the text of the original source.
- The quotation is in quotation marks.
- If it is necessary to omit a number of words in a quoted sentence, the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, and when whole sentences are omitted, an ellipsis is used, enclosed in angle brackets.
- All personal additions and explanations are separated from the test quotations by straight or angular brackets.
- For each quotation, a footnote is provided containing the exact name of the source, its author, and preferably the page on which the text of the quotation is located in the original source.
Formatting links when quoting directly
There are two types of design of bibliographic references.
- Design of footnotes at the bottom of the page (page-by-page). In this case, bibliographic information about the cited source is located on the same page as the quotation. At the end of the quotation, put a number that indicates the serial number of the footnote on this page (or the serial number of the footnote in the work in the case of continuous numbering).
At the bottom of the page, after a shortened horizontal line, this number is repeated, followed by bibliographic information about the source. Often it is also necessary to indicate the cited page number.
For footnotes, a smaller font size is used than in the text of the work.
An example of a footnote:
When quoting the same source again on the same page, instead of full information about the source, indicate: “Ibid. And the number of the cited page"
An example of a footnote:
- Making footnotes at the end of the work (endnotes). Immediately after the quotation, in square (sometimes round) brackets, indicate the serial number of the cited source in the list of references and, if required, the number of the cited page.
At the end of the work, in which, under the corresponding number, full bibliographic information about the source is given.
Formatting links for indirect quoting
Possible retelling gleaned from a source of information in your own words. In this case, at the end of the presentation it is indicated from which source the information is provided.
Features of the design of references in coursework, abstracts, diplomas and dissertations
In coursework, essays and dissertations, reference design depends on the requirements of the university. They are formatted as a footnote at the bottom of the page (page-wise) or at the end of the work (endnote).
In candidate and doctoral dissertationslinks are issued in the text in square brackets indicating the serial number of the source in the list of references.