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Presentation on geography 6th grade A GOUSOSH No. 1257 Moscow Gneusheva Nadi 2008-2009 academic year
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1. What are meteorological instruments. 2. What are meteorological elements 3. Thermometer 4. Barometer 5. Hygrometer 6. Precipitation gauge 7. Snow gauge 8. Thermograph 9. Heliograph 10. Nephoscope 11. Ceilometer 12. Anemometer 13. Hydrological observation unit 14. Blizzard gauge 15. Meteorograph 16. Radiosonde 17. Sounding balloon 18. Pilot balloon 19. Weather rocket 20. Weather satellite Contents
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Meteorological instruments - instruments and installations for measuring and recording the values of meteorological elements. To compare the results of measurements made at different weather stations, meteorological instruments are made of the same type and installed so that their readings do not depend on random local conditions.
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Meteorological instruments are designed to operate in natural conditions in any climatic zone. Therefore, they must work flawlessly, maintaining stable readings in a wide range of temperatures, high humidity, precipitation, and should not be afraid of high wind loads and dust.
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Meteorological elements, characteristics of the state of the atmosphere: temperature, pressure and humidity, wind speed and direction, cloudiness, precipitation, visibility (transparency of the atmosphere), as well as soil and water surface temperature, solar radiation, long-wave radiation of the Earth and the atmosphere. Meteorological elements also include various weather phenomena: thunderstorms, snowstorms, etc. Changes in Meteorological elements are the result of atmospheric processes and determine the weather and climate.
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Thermometer From the Greek Therme - heat + Metreo - measure Thermometer - a device for measuring the temperature of air, soil, water, etc. during thermal contact between the measurement object and the sensitive element of the thermometer. Thermometers are used in meteorology, hydrology and other sciences and industries. At weather stations where temperature measurements are carried out at certain times, a maximum thermometer (mercury) is used to record maximum temperatures between observation periods; the lowest temperature between periods is recorded by a minimum thermometer (alcohol).
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Barometer From the Greek Baros - heaviness + Metreo - measure Barometer - a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. Barometers are divided into liquid barometers and aneroid barometers.
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Hygrometer From the Greek Hygros - wet Hygrometer - a device for measuring the humidity of air or other gases. There are hair, condensation and weight hygrometers, as well as recording hygrometers (hygrographs).
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Precipitation gauge Rain gauge; Pluviometer Precipitation gauge is a device for collecting and measuring the amount of precipitation. The precipitation gauge is a cylindrical bucket of a strictly defined cross-section, installed at the weather site. The amount of precipitation is determined by pouring the precipitation that fell into the bucket into a special rain gauge glass, the cross-sectional area of which is also known. Solid precipitation (snow, pellets, hail) is preliminarily melted. The design of the rain gauge provides protection from rapid evaporation of precipitation and from blowing out snow that gets into the rain gauge bucket.
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Snow measuring staff Snow measuring staff is a staff designed to measure the thickness of snow cover during meteorological observations.
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Thermograph From the Greek Therme - heat + Grapho - I write Thermograph is a recorder device that continuously records air temperature and records its changes in the form of a curve. The thermograph is located at the weather station in a special booth.
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Heliograph From the Greek Helios - Sun + Grapho - I write Heliograph is a recorder device that records the duration of sunshine. The main part of the device is a crystal ball with a diameter of about 90 mm, which works as a converging lens when illuminated from any direction, and the focal length is the same in all directions. At the focal length, parallel to the surface of the ball, there is a cardboard tape with divisions. The sun, moving across the sky during the day, burns a stripe in this ribbon. During those hours when the Sun is covered by clouds, there is no burn-through. The time when the Sun was shining and when it was hidden is read by the divisions on the tape.
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Nephoscope Nephoscope is a device designed to determine the relative speed of movement of clouds and the direction of their movement.
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Ceilometer A ceilometer is a device for determining the height of the lower and upper boundaries of clouds, raised on a balloon. The action of the ceilometer is based: - either on a change in the resistance of the photocell, which reacts to changes in illumination when entering and leaving the clouds; - or on the change in the resistance of a conductor with a hygroscopic coating when cloud drops hit its surface.
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Anemometer From the Greek Anemos - wind + Metreo - I measure Anemometer is a device for measuring wind speed and gas flows by the number of revolutions of a turntable rotating under the influence of the wind. There are anemometers different types: manual and permanently attached to masts, etc. A distinction is made between recording anemometers (anemographs).
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Hydrological observation installation Hydrological observation installation is a stationary installation for conducting observations of elements of the hydrological regime.
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Blizzard meter Blizzard meter is a device used to determine the amount of snow carried by the wind.
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Radiosonde A radiosonde is a device for meteorological research in the atmosphere up to an altitude of 30-35 km. The radio probe rises on a free-flying balloon and automatically transmits radio signals to the ground corresponding to the values of pressure, temperature, and humidity. At high altitudes, the balloon bursts, and the instruments are parachuted and can be used again.
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A balloon is a rubber balloon with a meteorograph attached to it, released into free flight. At a certain altitude, after the shell ruptures, the meteorograph descends to the ground by parachute.
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Pilot balloon A pilot balloon is a rubber balloon filled with hydrogen and released into free flight. By determining its position using theodolites or radar methods, it is possible to calculate the wind speed and direction.
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Meteorological rocket A meteorological rocket is a rocket vehicle launched into the atmosphere to study its upper layers, mainly the mesosphere and ionosphere. The instruments study atmospheric pressure, the Earth's magnetic field, cosmic radiation, spectra of solar and terrestrial radiation, air composition, etc. Instrument readings are transmitted in the form of radio signals.
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Meteorological satellite Meteorological satellite - artificial satellite Earth, recording and transmitting various meteorological data to Earth. The meteorological satellite is designed to monitor the distribution of cloud, snow and ice cover, measure thermal radiation from the earth's surface and atmosphere and reflected solar radiation in order to obtain meteorological data for weather forecasting.
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Information sources
1. Great Encyclopedia for children. Volume 1 2. www.yandex.ru 3. Pictures – search system www.yandex.ru
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Oksana Avzhyan
Summary of the lesson “Meteorological instruments at a weather station”
ABSTRACT GCD in the preparatory GROUP
Subject: « Meteorological instruments at a weather station» .
Target: formation of ideas about the importance of weather in human life, about
four parts of the world.
Tasks: To introduce and consolidate children’s knowledge about the profession meteorologist, With devices, With
with the help of which weather forecasts are made, develop coherent speech
children, expand your vocabulary with new words: barometer, weather vane,
compass, thermometer, rain gauge.
Preliminary work: observing the weather while walking
site, recording the results in the weather calendar, getting acquainted with
folk signs, reading poems, riddles.
Materials: weather instruments, weather site in the kindergarten area.
Progress of the lesson:
Educator: Guys today I'm on email I received a video letter. Want to view it? (Video clip with Dunno) Hello guys. I really need your help. I heard that you know a lot about weather site and about its significance in human life. But as always, I don’t know anything. Tomorrow I’m going to visit Znayka, and I don’t know what the weather is like, or how to dress. Znayka also gave me the task of solving riddles and learning from you about the properties of air and water. Will you help me? (children's answers) Thanks guys. Well, now prick up your ears and guess the riddles.
He comes to us from heaven,
The sky is in a gray haze.
Looks like a fun shower.
What is this? Certainly (Rain).
It's howling outside the window,
It can be warm and affectionate,
But anything in the world is possible
Break, destroy (Wind).
Made a noise, made a noise
She washed everything and left.
And gardens and orchards
The whole area was watered (Storm).
I look out the window in winter:
It's frosty there and the sun is shining.
The firmament is high, blue,
White on the trees (Frost)
Dunno: Thank you.
Educator: Dunno, we will record your request on video and you will tell all this to Znake. Can we cope with this important task? (guys' answers)
How can you call all these answers in one word?
(children's answers).
Educator: What natural phenomena did you observe today?
on the way to kindergarten? (children's answers).
Educator: What is the weather? Why do you need to know the condition?
weather for tomorrow? (children's answers).
Educator: How do adults find out the weather forecast? (Children's answers).
Educator: They listen to the weather forecast on the radio, watch
TV, you can watch it on the Internet, on your phone, or read it in the newspaper.
Do you know who makes the weather forecast?
Educator: People who study weather are called
meteorologists.They try to find out all the features of the weather conditions:
wind direction, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness.
They are helped with this by special devices. They show what the weather is like
will be in the coming days. Today we will fix the names and why we need these devices.
(The children go to weather site, to the kindergarten site).
Educator: They work all over our country weather stations.
Meteorologists using special devices, watching the weather,
make certain calculations and transfer them to the main Hydrometeorological center. There
meteorologists process this data and make a weather forecast, which
we see and hear from the TV screen.
Educator: Now let’s rest a little and play.
The game is being played "Rain and Children"
(Using a counting rhyme, the leader is selected - "rain". "Rain" walks along the conditional boundary).
Educator: A cloud walked across the sky, the cloud spoke to the children.
Rain: I want to rain, you can’t hide from me.
Children: We are not afraid of rain and thunder, we will go home now!
(After these words, the children try to run across the line).
Educator: Children, today we will consolidate devices, which are
On our weather stations. (The teacher shows the children a thermometer). He is needed
for measuring air temperature.
This the device is called a weather vane. A weather vane and compass help determine the direction of the wind. Thanks to them we know where does the wind blow from: from the north, east, west, south.
Here's another one device - wind hose. It also shows the direction and strength of the wind. When the wind is strong, the wind arm looks like an inflated cone-shaped ball.
Next the device is called a barometer. It measures atmospheric
pressure. The higher the atmospheric pressure, the less likely it is to rain.
measure the amount of precipitation. This includes rain and morning dew. Guys, tell me how Dunno can dress for Znayka’s tomorrow (children's answers)
Educator: Do you remember what task Znayka gave to Dunno? (children's answers) Well done for remembering. Then we need to conduct a series of experiments. Ready. (Yes)
Air and water
Experiment No. 1 What shape will the water take?
Water has no form and takes the shape of the vessel into which it is poured. Let the children pour it into containers of different shapes and sizes. Remember with your children where and how puddles spill.
Experiment No. 2 Blow a ball into a bottle
Do you think it is possible to blow a paper ball into a bottle?
Crumple a small piece of paper into a ball. Place a ball of paper in the neck of a plastic bottle and blow hard on it. It’s a paradox, but the ball will not fly inside the bottle, but out.
This happens because the blown air flows around the ball and the air pressure in the bottle increases. This air pushes the ball out.
Experience No. 3 Will it fall or not?
Turn the small funnel over with the wide side facing down. Place a table tennis ball in it and hold it with your finger. Now blow into the narrow end of the funnel and stop supporting the ball. It will not fall, but will remain in the funnel.
This is explained by the fact that the air pressure under the ball is much greater than above it. And the harder you blow, the less air puts pressure on the ball, and the greater the lifting force.
Experiment No. 4 What does water smell like?
Before starting the experience, ask a question: “What does the water smell like?”
Offer to smell the water in the glasses. Then drop a drop into one of them (children should not see this - let them close their eyes, for example, a solution of valerian. Let them smell it. What does this mean? Tell your child that the water begins to smell like the substances that are put in it, for example, apple or currant in compote, meat in broth.
Educator: I think that Dunno will learn a lot of interesting things thanks to us today.
Educator: What profession did we talk about today? What is
Job meteorologist? Why do you need to know the weather conditions?
You guys did a great job! What was the most difficult?
Who are great? - We are great!
Questions before the paragraph.
1. What is called the atmosphere?
The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth.
2. What gases does air consist of?
The Earth's air mainly consists of nitrogen molecules (78%). Its second component is oxygen, which makes up about 21% of air. The remaining 1% comes from other gases - carbon dioxide, ozone, and inert gases.
3. What device measures atmospheric pressure?
A device for measuring atmospheric pressure is called a Barometer.
4. What signs of weather changes do you know?
Changes in atmospheric pressure: When the weather changes from clear to stormy, the pressure drops for several days. Increased wind, increased cloudiness.
5. What specialists study the atmosphere?
A meteorologist studies the atmosphere.
Geographer-Pathfinder School
The task is a project activity and requires independent work.
Questions and tasks after the paragraph.
1. Define weather in your own words.
The state of the atmosphere in a certain place at a certain time.
2. Is it possible to talk about the weather over the course of a day or a week?
We can talk about the weather within a day or week with almost 100% accuracy, but the longer the weather forecast, the more likely the forecast is inaccurate, because the weather is constantly changing, and therefore the weather forecast is constantly being adjusted.
3. Why are meteorological stations organized?
meteorological stations are organized to collect information about air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, the amount and types of clouds and precipitation, and atmospheric phenomena that can be dangerous to humans.
4. Take a trip to the nearest weather station.
An excursion is expected to take place with the class or parents.
5. Complete the sentences with the names of the properties of air.
A barometer measures air pressure.
The hygrometer shows the temperature and humidity of the air.
A thermometer can measure air temperature.
The weather vane indicates where the wind is blowing from and at what speed.
6. Write a short story about meteorological instruments. find out Additional information about them from encyclopedias or the Internet.
The main instrument for measuring wind direction and speed is the M-63M-1 anemormbometer. In the event of a power failure or failure of the device, a Wild weather vane with a light board serves as a backup device for visual assessment of wind characteristics. To measure the amount of precipitation (mm), the Tretyakov Precipitation Gauge is used. The intensity of liquid precipitation is recorded using a recorder called a Pluviograph. The shape and number of clouds in points are determined visually and compared with photos using the international Cloud Atlas. The height of the cloud base is determined using a cloud height meter (CHM). The meteorological visibility range is monitored using landmarks using an M-53A polarization visibility meter. The duration of sunshine is determined by a heliograph, the glass ball of which collects the sun's rays into focus, and when the beam moves, a burn line appears on the tape. The length of the line in hours is used to calculate the duration of sunshine. The depth of soil freezing is measured using a permafrost meter.
7. Compare the readings of meteorological and mercury medical thermometers. Analyze the result obtained during the observation.
Thermometer readings vary. A medical mercury thermometer shows a lower temperature.
8. Prepare a report on modern meteorological instruments used in everyday life (aneroid barometer, electronic thermometer, digital weather stations).
An aneroid barometer is a device whose operating principle is based on changing the size of a metal box filled with rarefied air under the influence of atmospheric pressure. Such barometers are reliable and small in size.
An aneroid barometer is a device designed to measure atmospheric pressure. mechanically. Structurally, the aneroid consists of a round metal (nickel-silver or hardened steel) box with corrugated (ribbed) bases, in which a strong vacuum is created by pumping out air, a return spring, a transmission mechanism and an indicator needle. Under the influence of atmospheric pressure: its increase or decrease, the box, respectively, either compresses or unbends. In this case, when the bellows box is compressed, the upper flexing surface begins to pull the spring attached to it down, and when the atmospheric pressure decreases, top part, on the contrary, bends and pushes the spring upward. An indicator needle is attached to the return spring using a transmission mechanism, which moves along a scale calibrated in accordance with the readings of the mercury barometer (Figure 2). It is worth noting that usually, in practice, several (up to 10 pieces) thin-walled corrugated boxes with vacuum are used in series, which increases the amplitude of the pointer moving along the scale.
Figure 2. Aneroid Barometer structure
Aneroid barometers, due to their small size and the absence of liquid in their design, are the most convenient and portable; they are widely used in practice.
Unfortunately, barometers are affected by ambient temperature and changes in spring tension over time. Therefore, modern aneroid barometers are equipped with an arc-shaped thermometer, or a so-called compensator, which is intended to correct the instrument readings for temperature.
Aneroid barometer M-67 is the most accurate and unpretentious barometer. Thanks to its design features, it is capable of operating at temperatures from -10 to +50 °C (Figure 3).
Thermometer is a device for measuring the temperature of air, soil, water, and so on. There are several types of thermometers:
Liquid;
Mechanical;
Electronic;
Optical;
Gas;
Infrared.
The operating principle of electronic thermometers is based on the change in conductor resistance when the ambient temperature changes.
The wider range of electronic thermometers are based on thermocouples (contact between metals with different electronegativity creates a contact potential difference that depends on temperature).
The most accurate and stable over time are resistance thermometers based on platinum wire or platinum coating on ceramics. The most widely used are PT100 (resistance at 0 °C - 100Ω) PT1000 (resistance at 0 °C - 1000Ω) (IEC751). The dependence on temperature is almost linear and obeys a quadratic law at positive temperatures and a fourth-degree equation at negative temperatures (the corresponding constants are very small, and to a first approximation this dependence can be considered linear). Temperature range −200 - +850 °C.
A digital weather station is a portable device that receives weather reports via a special radio channel. The device is equipped with a large electronic display; the screen displays the temperature outside the window in the “here and now” mode, as well as the forecast for the next day. In addition, the device shows the level of humidity and atmospheric pressure, in some cases the condition of roads and the forecast of magnetic storms. Modern weather stations are digital wireless devices that also determine the degree of radiation pollution in the area, as well as the phases of the moon, the level of solar activity and the favorable conditions for agricultural work. In fact, all the information that a digital weather station provides can be obtained from other sources - radio and television broadcasts, news sites and mobile phone applications.
Everything depends on the weather. The first thing most services do when starting work is to ask for a weather forecast. The life of our planet, an individual state, a city, companies, enterprises and every person depends on the weather. Moving, flights, the work of transport and utility services, agriculture and everything in our lives is directly dependent on weather conditions. A high-quality weather forecast cannot be made without the readings collected by a meteorological station.
What is a weather station?
It is difficult to imagine a modern state without a special meteorological service, which includes a network of weather stations that conduct observations, on the basis of which short-term or long-term weather forecasts are made. In almost all parts of the planet there are meteorological stations that conduct observations and collect data used in meteorological forecasts.
A weather station is an institution that performs certain measurements of atmospheric phenomena and processes. Subject to measurement:
- weather properties such as temperature, humidity, pressure, wind, cloudiness, precipitation;
- weather phenomena such as snowfall, thunderstorm, rainbow, calm, fog and others.
In Russia, as in other countries, there is an extensive network of meteorological stations and posts distributed throughout the country. Certain observations are carried out by observatories. Every meteorological station must have a special site where instruments and instruments for carrying out measurements are installed, as well as a special room for recording and processing readings.
Meteorological Measurement Tools
All measurements are taken daily and meteorological ones are used. What functions do they perform? First of all, the following instruments are used at weather stations:
- Well-known thermometers are used. They come in several types: to determine air temperature and soil temperature.
- To measure atmospheric pressure, a barometer is required.
- An important indicator is the humidity with a hygrometer. The simplest weather station monitors air humidity.
- To measure the direction and speed of the wind, you need an anemometer, in other words a weather vane.
- Precipitation is measured by a rain gauge.
Instruments used at weather stations
Some measurements need to be carried out continuously. For this purpose, instrument readings are used. All of them are recorded and entered into special journals, after which the information is submitted to Roshydromet.
- A thermograph is used to continuously record air temperature.
- A psychrometer is used for continuous joint recording of temperature and air humidity readings.
- Air humidity is continuously recorded by a hygrometer.
- Barometric changes and readings are recorded by a barograph.
There are also a number of instruments that measure specific indicators, such as cloud base, evaporation level, sunshine index and much more.
Types of weather stations
The majority of meteorological stations belong to Roshydromet. But there are a number of departments whose activities directly depend on the weather. These are maritime, aviation, agricultural and other departments. As a rule, they have their own weather stations.
Weather stations in Russia are divided into three categories. The third category includes stations whose work is carried out according to a reduced program. A second-class station collects, processes and transmits data. Stations of the first category, in addition to everything mentioned, have an operation control function.
Where are the weather stations located?
Weather stations are located throughout Russia. As a rule, they are located at a distance from large cities in desert, mountainous, forest areas, where the distance from the meteorological station to populated areas is large.
If the area is remote and deserted, then station workers go there on long business trips for the whole season. It is difficult to work here, since it is mostly in the north of Russia, impassable mountains, deserts, and the Far East. Living conditions are not always suitable for family living. Therefore, workers have to live away from people for many months. Depending on their location, weather stations can be classified as: hydrological, aerometeorological, forest, lake, swamp, transport and others. Let's look at some of them.
Forest
For the most part, forest weather stations are designed to prevent forest fires. Located in the forest, they collect not only traditional weather observations, but also these meteorological stations monitor the humidity of trees and soil, the temperature component at various levels of forests. All data is processed and modeled special card indicating the most fire hazardous areas.
Hydrological
Weather observations on various parts of the Earth's water surface (seas, oceans, rivers, lakes) are carried out by hydrological weather stations. They can be located on the mainland shore of the sea and ocean, a ship that is a floating station. In addition, they are located on the banks of rivers, lakes, and swamps. The readings from these weather stations are extremely important because, in addition to providing weather forecasts for sailors, they allow long-term weather forecasts for the area.