Computers, systems, networks and complexes
Technical means informatization is a set of systems, machines, instruments, mechanisms, devices and other types of equipment designed to automate various technological processes computer science, and those whose output product is information (data) used to satisfy information needs in different areas activities of the society.
All technical means of informatization, depending on the functions performed, can be divided into six groups:
- 1. Information input devices:
- - Text
- - Location(mouse, light pen, trackball, Graphics tablet, joystick)
- - Multimedia(graphics (scanner and digital camera), sound (tape recorder, microphone), video (web camera, video camera))
- 2. Information output devices:
- - Text(monitor);
- - Multimedia(graphics (printer, plotter), sound (headphones, speaker systems), video (VCR, video camera))
- 3. Information processing devices:
- - Microprocessor
- - Coprocessor
- 4. Devices for transmitting and receiving information:
- - Modem
- - LAN card
- 5. Multifunctional devices:
- - Copy devices
- - Breeding devices
- - Publishing systems
- 6. Storage devices
As follows from the above classification, most of the modern technical means of informatization are in one way or another connected with computers - personal computers (PCs).
Input and output devices are an indispensable and obligatory element of any computer, from the very first to modern PCs, since it is these devices that ensure user interaction with the computing system.
All input/output devices of a personal computer belong to peripheral devices, i.e. connected to the microprocessor via system bus and relevant controllers. Today, there are entire groups of devices (for example, location devices, multimedia) that provide effective and comfortable work user.
The main device of a computer is microprocessor, providing the most general case management of all devices and information processing. To solve specific problems, for example, mathematical calculations, modern personal computers equipped with coprocessors. These devices belong to information processing devices.
Devices for transmitting and receiving information(or communication devices) are indispensable attributes of modern information systems, which are increasingly acquiring the features of distributed information systems, in which information is not stored in one place, but is distributed within a network.
Modem (modulator-demodulator)- a device that converts information into a form in which it can be transmitted via telephone lines communications. Internal modems have a PCI interface and are connected directly to the motherboard. External modems are connected via COM or USB ports.
Network adapter (network card) - electronic device, made in the form of an expansion board (can be integrated into the system board) with a connector for connecting to a communication line.
Storage devices They occupy not the last place among all technical means of informatization, since they are used for temporary (short-term) or long-term storage of processed and accumulated information.
Multifunction devices began to appear relatively recently. Distinctive feature of these devices is to combine a number of functions (for example, scanning and printing or printing and binding hard copies, etc.) to automate user actions.
Computing machine, calculating machine- a mechanism, electromechanical or electronic device designed to automatically perform mathematical operations.
Recently, this concept is most often associated with various types of computer systems. However, computing mechanisms appeared long before the first computer worked.
Back in 1623, the German Wilhelm Schickard created the so-called “Counting Clock,” which today is considered the first automatic calculator. In letters to Johannes Kepler, Schickard explained how his machine could be used to calculate astronomical tables. Schickard's machine could add and subtract six-digit numbers, ringing a bell when it was full. More complex calculations were performed using a set of Napier dominoes mounted on the mechanism body. The original car was lost in a fire before the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1960, based on the surviving drawings, a copy of this computer was built, confirming its existence and performance.
In 1642, a machine that helped in adding numbers was invented by the French scientist Blaise Pascal. “Pascalina,” as the inventor called his design, was mechanical device in the form of a box filled with numerous gears. The numbers to be added were entered into the machine by turning the dials accordingly. Each of these wheels, corresponding to one decimal place, had divisions with numbers from 0 to 9. When entering a number, the wheels scrolled to the corresponding number. Upon completion of a full revolution, the excess above the number 9 was transferred to the adjacent digit (the adjacent wheel was shifted by 1 position) and so on. “Pascal’s machine” made it possible to perform not only addition, but also other operations, but at the same time it required the use of a rather inconvenient procedure for repeated additions.
In 1673, another famous scientist, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, made a mechanical calculator that made it easy to perform subtraction, multiplication and division.
1723 - German mathematician and astronomer Christian Ludwig Gersten created an arithmetic machine based on the works of Leibniz. The machine calculated the quotient and the product (due to sequential addition operations). In addition, it provided the ability to monitor the correctness of data entry.
In 1820, the Frenchman Thomas de Kalmar launched the industrial production of adding machines.
The difference engine developed by the Englishman Charles Babbage in 1823 was intended for calculating mathematical tables.
The study of Babbage's works and his advice helped the Swedish inventor Per Georg Scheutz, starting in 1854, to build several difference engines, and in 1859 even sell one of them to the British government office.
Another "Difference Engine", built soon after by Martin Wiberg (Swedish: Martin Wiberg), was also basically an improved version of Charles Babbage's machine and was used to calculate and publish printed logarithmic tables.
By 1890, American Herman Hollerith had developed an electrical tabulating system that was used in the 1890 and 1900 US Censuses.
In 1938, German engineer Konrad Zuse built his first car, called the Z1, in his parents' apartment. It was a trial model of a completely mechanical programmable digital computer. That same year, Zuse began building the Z2. And in 1941, Zuse created the first computer with all the properties modern computer Z3.
Computing systems
A DDS (data processing system) configured to solve problems in a specific area of application is called computing system. The computing system includes technical means and software oriented towards solving a specific set of problems. There are two orientation methods. Firstly, the computing system can be built on the basis of a computer or a general-purpose computing complex, and the orientation of the system is ensured by software - application programs and possibly the operating system. Secondly, focus on a given class of problems can be achieved through the use of specialized computers and computing systems. In this case, it is possible to achieve high productivity at moderate equipment costs. Specialized computing systems are most widely used in solving problems of vector and matrix algebra, as well as those related to the integration of differential equations, image processing, pattern recognition, etc.
Computing systems built on the basis of specialized complexes began to be intensively developed since the late 60s. Such systems used processors with specialized instruction systems; the configuration of the complexes was strictly oriented towards a specific class of tasks. In the last decade, research and development of adaptive computing systems that flexibly adapt to the problems being solved have begun. Adaptation of a computing system in order to adapt it to the structure of the implemented algorithm is achieved by changing the system configuration. In this case, connections between processors, as well as memory modules and peripheral devices, are established dynamically in accordance with the needs of the tasks processed by the system at the current time. In this regard, adaptive computing systems are otherwise called systems with a dynamic structure. Due to adaptation, high performance is achieved in a wide class of tasks and the system is resilient to failures. Therefore, adaptive systems are considered as one of the promising directions for the development of data processing systems.
Computing systems.
Beginning in the 60s, to increase the reliability and performance of SOD, several computers were connected with each other, forming multi-machine computing complex.
In early multi-machine systems, communication between computers was provided through common external storage devices - drives on magnetic disks(NMD) or magnetic tapes (NML) (Figure 1.1, A), those. through access to shared data sets. This connection is called indirect and turns out to be effective only in the case when computers interact quite rarely, for example, when one of the computers fails or at the moments of the beginning and end of data processing. More efficient computer interaction is achieved through direct communication through an adapter that provides data exchange between PCIV input-output channels) of two computers (Fig. 1.1, b) and transmission of interrupt signals. This creates good conditions for coordinating data processing processes and increases the efficiency of data exchange, which makes it possible to conduct parallel processing processes and significantly increase the productivity of the data processing system. Currently, multi-machine computing systems are widely used to improve the reliability and performance of ODS.
In multi-machine computing systems, the interaction of data processing processes is ensured only through the exchange of interrupt signals and data transfer through channel-to-channel adapters or shared external storage devices. Better conditions for process interaction - when all processors have access to the entire amount of data stored in random access memory (RAM) and can interact with all peripheral devices of the complex. A computing complex containing several processors with shared RAM and peripheral devices is called multiprocessor. The principle of constructing such complexes is illustrated in Fig. 1.2. Processors, modules random access memory(MP) and input/output channels to which they are connected peripherals(PU) are combined into a single complex using switching tools that provide each processor with access to any RAM module and I/O channel, as well as the ability to transfer data between the latter. In a multiprocessor complex, failures of individual devices affect the performance of the ODS to a lesser extent than in a multi-machine complex, i.e. multiprocessor systems are more resilient to failures. Each processor has direct access to all data stored in shared RAM and to peripheral devices, which allows parallel processing of not only independent tasks, but also blocks of a single task.
INFORMATIZATION Informatization is a system of interconnected processes: information, ensuring the presentation of all socially significant information in a form accessible for storage, processing and transmission by electronic means; information, ensuring the presentation of all socially significant information in a form accessible for storage, processing and transmission by electronic means; 1
INFORMATIZATION of the cognitive, aimed at the formation and preservation of a holistic information model of the world, allowing society to regulate its development at all levels of human activity; cognitive, aimed at the formation and preservation of a holistic information model of the world, allowing society to regulate its development at all levels of human activity; material, forming the global infrastructure of electronic means of storing, processing and transmitting information. material, forming the global infrastructure of electronic means of storing, processing and transmitting information. 2
INFORMATIZATION of cognitive, material, forming the global infrastructure of electronic means of storing, processing and transmitting information. cognitive, material, forming the global infrastructure of electronic means of storing, processing and transmitting information. Information processes - collection, exchange, accumulation, storage, processing and delivery of information. 3
BASIS OF IT TECHNOLOGIES 4 Information technologies are based on the following technical achievements: new means of storing information on machine-readable media (magnetic tapes, magnetic and laser disks, etc.); new means of storing information on machine-readable media (magnetic tapes, magnetic and laser disks and etc.); remote information transmission system (data transmission networks, telephone network, satellite communications, etc.); remote information transmission system (data networks, telephone network, satellite communications, etc.); automated processing of information using a computer according to given algorithms. automated processing of information using a computer according to given algorithms.
BASIS OF IT TECHNOLOGIES 5 Hardware - computer hardware; Hardware - computer hardware; Software - software.Software - software. In Russia, programs are called “software” in professional slang, and computers and peripherals are called “hardware”
BASIS OF IT TECHNOLOGIES 6 Technical means of informatization are a set of computer equipment and its peripheral devices that provide collection, storage and processing of information, and communication equipment (telephone, radio, television, satellite communications, computer networks) that carry out remote transmission of information.
8 Information display devices are used to process video information and present it for visual perception. These are primarily monitors made on the basis of a wide range of modern technologies. Three-dimensional images are formed using helmets virtual reality, 3D glasses and 3D monitors of various operating principles.
To solve problems associated with displaying information on a screen for a large audience, liquid crystal panels and multimedia projectors are used. To ensure interconnection between computers and information display devices, a video adapter is used, which converts the digital signal circulating inside the PC into analog signals supplied to the monitor. CLASSIFICATION TSV 9
The computer's sound and acoustic systems provide processing and reproduction of audio information. Information input devices are a set of control and data input devices. These functions are performed by a keyboard, mouse, and joystick. Scanners are widely used and digital cameras. CLASSIFICATION TSV 10
Scanners are distinguished by a particular variety of design solutions. They are tablet, roller, drum, projection, manual and multifunctional. Printing devices (printers) are used to output information onto solid, usually paper, media. According to the principle of operation, printers are very diverse: impact, inkjet, laser, LED, thermal. CLASSIFICATION TSV 11
Telecommunications means are designed for remote transmission of information. These include smartphones, terminals and other devices that provide the transmission of audio and text information. Modems are mainly used to exchange information between computers via a telephone line and are designed both externally and internally, built into the equipment. CLASSIFICATION TSV 12
Widespread means of working with information on hard media are numerous copier devices: electrographic, photographic, electronic graphic. For destruction confidential information For solid media, special devices are used - shredders. CLASSIFICATION TSV 13
1. Informatization is a system of what processes? Describe them. 2. What are they? information processes? 3. What three technical achievements are information technologies based on? 4. What are technical means of information technology? 5. What are information input devices? Give examples. QUESTIONS FOR TEST 14
6. What are printing devices? What are they? 7. What are telecommunications means? Examples of such funds. 8. What device is used to destroy confidential information on hard media? 9. What are sound and acoustic systems for? 10. Hardware - what is it? Software is this? QUESTIONS FOR TEST 15
Technical means of informatization– is a set of systems, machines, devices, mechanisms, devices and other types of equipment designed to automate various technological processes of computer science, and those whose output product is information (information, knowledge) or data used to satisfy information needs in different areas substantive activities of society.
Modern technical means of informatization and information systems based on them are characterized by two main properties.
Firstly, they consist of large number interconnected and interacting elements, not necessarily of the same physical nature, united by common goals and objectives of functioning as part of the system.
Secondly, they are distinguished by the complexity of the processes of information flow and behavior, which is due to a large number of interrelated functions implemented by technical means and systems, the random nature of external influences, the need to operate under conditions of a priori uncertainty and frequently changing circumstances.
All technical means of informatization, depending on the functions performed, can be divided into six groups (Fig. 1.2.1):
Information input devices.
Information output devices.
Information processing devices.
Devices for transmitting and receiving information.
Information storage devices.
Multifunctional devices.
Figure 1.2.1. Technical means of informatization
increase
As follows from the above classification, most of the modern technical means of informatization are in one way or another connected with electronic computers - personal computers (PCs), which, in fact, combine many technical means that provide automated information processing.
For example, input and output devices(input/output) are an indispensable and obligatory element of any computer, from the very first to modern PCs, since it is these devices that ensure user interaction with the computing system.
On the one hand, the user enters commands or data into the computer through input devices for processing them, on the other hand, the computing system provides the user with the results of its work through output devices.
All input/output devices of a personal computer are classified as peripheral devices, i.e. connected to the microprocessor via the system bus and corresponding controllers. With the development of computer technology, they have received significant development. Today, there are entire groups of devices (for example, location devices, multimedia) that provide efficient and convenient user experience.
The main device of a computer is a microprocessor, which in the most general case provides control of all devices and information processing. To solve specific problems, for example, mathematical calculations, modern personal computers are equipped with coprocessors. These devices belong to information processing devices.
Devices for transmitting and receiving information(or communication devices) are indispensable attributes of modern information systems, which are increasingly acquiring the features of distributed information systems in which information is not stored in one place, but is distributed within a network, for example, an enterprise network or the global Internet.
Depending on a number of parameters (type of communication line, type of connection, remoteness of information resource carriers, etc.), various communication devices are used.
Modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts information into a form in which it can be transmitted over telephone communication lines. Internal modems have a PCI interface and are connected directly to the motherboard. External modems are connected via COM or USB ports.
Modems perform digital-to-analog conversion of digital PC signals for transmission over a telephone line or analog-to-digital conversion analog signals from communication line to digital signals for processing on a PC. Modems transmit data over regular telephone lines at speeds of up to 56,000 bits per second. Modems also compress data before sending it and, accordingly, their actual speed may exceed the maximum speed of the modem.
Network adapter (network card) is an electronic device made in the form of an expansion card (can be integrated into the system board) with a connector for connecting to a communication line. A network adapter is used to connect a PC to a local computer network.
Storage devices They occupy not the last place among all technical means of informatization, since they are used for temporary (short-term) or long-term storage of processed and accumulated information.
Multifunction devices began to appear relatively recently. A distinctive feature of these devices is the combination of a number of functions (for example, scanning and printing or printing and binding hard copies, etc.) to automate user actions. Multifunctional devices include publishing systems, copying devices, and information reproduction devices.
In the future, when studying the discipline, technical means of informatization will be considered in more detail.
Information technology is a process that uses a set of tools and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon.
Information technologies and systems are most widely used in production, management and financial activities.
Technical means of informatization - hardware basis information technologies.
Technical means of informatization (TSI) is a set of systems, machines, instruments, mechanisms, devices and other types of equipment designed to automate various technological processes of computer science, and those whose output product is information (data) used to satisfy information needs in different areas of the company's activities.
Almost any technical means, including computer ones, can be divided according to their purpose into universal, used in various fields, and special, created for use in specific conditions or areas of activity. The use of universal technical means reduces financial costs for the supply of consumables and repairs, allows the use of standard solutions, facilitates their development, operation, etc.
There is a division of TSI according to the principle of operation. In this case, the following technical means are distinguished:
■ mechanical - driven by human muscular power (carts, typewriters, sliding racks, etc.);
■ electromechanical - they use an electric motor as a source of motion (elevators and conveyors for transporting storage media, shelving, electric typewriters, etc.);
■ electrical - use electrical signals of constant or alternating current, for example, general and local lighting, telephone and radio communications, electrical panels, electrical signal sensors;
■ electronic - various types of computer equipment, televisions and industrial television, electronic signal sensors, sound speakers, modems, etc.;
■ electronic-mechanical - turntables and players, tape recorders, video recorders and video players, CD players, stereo systems, etc.;
■ photo-optical - use the photoelectric effect to obtain images, for example, photographic and cinema cameras, microfilming devices, phototypesetting machines, projectors, photo-optical signal sensors. These include technical means that use laser devices: copiers, printers, scanners, CD players, fax machines, etc.;
■ pneumatic - for example, racks and lifts.
According to their purpose, TSI is divided into means of transportation, copying and duplicating equipment, communications and telecommunications, security, training, computer, audio and video equipment.
Transportation means include: trolleys, belt and other conveyors and transporters, elevators, vehicles.
Copying and duplicating equipment includes printing equipment, copiers (copiers), risographs, office equipment (typewriters, laminators, brochurators, numbering machines, stampers, staplers), etc.
Depending on the functions performed, all TSI can be divided into six groups.
1. Information input devices:
■ text;
■ pointing devices (mouse, light pen, trackball, graphics tablet, joystick);
■ multimedia (graphics - scanner and digital camera; sound - tape recorder, microphone; video - web camera, video camera).
2. Information output devices:
■ text (monitor);
■ multimedia (graphics - printer, plotter; sound - headphones, speaker systems; video - video recorder, video camera).
3. Information processing devices:
■ microprocessor;
■ coprocessor.
4. Devices for transmitting and receiving information:
■ modem (modulator-demodulator);
■ network adapter (network card).
5. Multifunctional devices:
■ copy devices;
■ breeding devices;
■ publishing systems.
6. Information storage devices.
As follows from the above classification, most of the modern TSIs are in one way or another connected with PCs.
Input and output devices are an indispensable and obligatory element of any computer, from the very first to modern PCs, since it is these devices that ensure user interaction with the computing system.
All computer input (output) devices are peripheral devices, i.e., connected to the microprocessor via the system bus and corresponding controllers. Today, there are entire groups of devices (for example, location devices, multimedia) that provide efficient and convenient user experience.
The main device of a computer is a microprocessor, which in the most general case provides control of all devices and information processing. To solve specific problems, such as mathematical calculations, modern PCs are equipped with coprocessors. These devices are classified as information processing devices.
Devices for transmitting and receiving information (communication devices) are indispensable attributes of modern information systems, which are increasingly acquiring the features of distributed information systems in which information is not stored in one place, but is distributed within a network.
Modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts information into a form in which it can be transmitted over telephone communication lines. Internal modems have a PCI interface and are connected directly to the motherboard. External modems are connected via COM or USB ports.
Network adapter (network card) is an electronic device made in the form of an expansion card (can be integrated into the system board) with a connector for connecting to a communication line.
Multifunctional devices began to appear relatively recently. A distinctive feature of these devices is the combination of a number of functions (for example, scanning and printing or printing and binding hard copies) to automate user actions.
Information storage devices occupy not the last place among all TSI, since they are used for temporary (short-term) or long-term storage of processed and accumulated information.
Modern technical means of informatization can generally be represented in the form of an information and computing complex containing the computer itself with its main devices, as well as additional or peripheral devices. The classification of technical means of informatization is given in Fig. 1.1.