No matter how much Microsoft tries to refine its operating system, a clean OS cannot be used as desired, but only in very limited conditions, for example at work, where the installation of any programs is prohibited or there are no rights to it. If you are not a programmer or an advanced computer user, then you just need to install a list of standard programs on your computer - and you will be able to use the device normally. This applies to your own computer.

File manager and archiver

After installing the drivers, you need to install Total Commander. The program provides convenient access to your file system. It replaces the standard, much-loved Windows Explorer. Now it has become more convenient to change, move and copy files. From launch file manager work with the computer begins. With an archive format such as .rar, Microsoft Windows Can't work by default. Even despite its prevalence.

The WinRAR shell has been adopted in Russia. It supports all archive formats, including .zip. It is integrated into your operating system, as a result, you get the opportunity to work with all archives from the standard one in Explorer. This utility is included with honor in the list of standard programs. It's paid. There is a free alternative - 7-zip. It also has all the necessary functions, but it cannot pack into .rar.

Antivirus and alternative browser

Antivirus is necessary on every computer. On top of that, this is the only program your device needs. Buy it and live in peace. Paid versions eliminate the need to search for signature databases and updated keys. We use: Eset NOD32, Kaspersky Antivirus and DrWeb. Choose and use, but remember that 100% protection does not exist. Antivirus tops the list of standard programs.

Moreover, there are also good free ones: Comodo Antivirus, Avira, Avast and AVG. There is also an option with a corporate version - Symantec Endpoint Protection. This is a paid, good device protector, the corporate version of which does not require keys, updates itself, and works without a hitch. For convenience, you need to install alternative browser to replace Internet Explorer. Popular Mozilla FireFox, Google Chrome and Opera. If you leave Windows browser, then update it to the latest version.

A program that burns discs and reads PDF files

DVD drives are now used less frequently than before, but are still installed on almost every computer. Discs burn Nero program Burning ROM, paid. You can also use free ones - ImgBurn, JetBee FREE or Nero MediaHome. The list of standard programs includes Adobe Acrobat Reader, which allows you to read PDF. This utility is completely free program. PDF is the most common format for instructions, books and documentation. Without this special program, a file of this standard cannot be opened.

Skype, ICQ messenger - programs for advanced users

The list of standard computer programs continues with programs for advanced users. The above is the minimum list without which your device will not be complete. Skype is free worldwide. Supports chat, voice communication and video. Is indispensable for communication. For her normal operation You need a microphone, headphones and a camera. Also, both computers must have Skype program. Allows you to call mobile phones, but not free. The list also includes the popular ICQ client.

It is a little outdated, but nevertheless, many users install it on their devices out of old memory. You can exchange free messages, support high-quality video chat, and cheap calls to phones. That is, you can maintain constant contact with friends. Instead of the cumbersome ICQ, we recommend installing the QIP client.

audio and video player, password manager

To check mail, a person goes to a website, for example Yandex.ru, and looks at the “Inbox”. There are many programs that are much more convenient to use, especially when you have several mailboxes. The utility connects to to the required server and downloads all mail to the computer. It can then be viewed without delay, switching quickly between boxes. We can recommend Mozilla Thunderbird or The Bat. Also good Microsoft Outlook. We recommend including separate video and audio players in the list of standard programs on your PC. Unfortunately, it is not possible to combine them in one utility so that everyone likes it, despite all the efforts of the developers.

Recommended video players: VLC Player, Light Alloy, GOM Player and Zoom Player. For audio: AIMP or WinAmp. Over time, you'll need to remember or write down a lot of passwords, so we recommend using one of two password managers: LastPass or RoboForm. Programs remember passwords and store them on the server. They can be used from different places, on completely different computers.

In conclusion - a list of standard Microsoft Office programs

Such programs solve a wide variety of problems and therefore are needed to varying degrees by everyone, regardless of their profession. Recently they have been called office ones. The standards for such software are set by Microsoft Corporation. Current Office package works fast for everyone Windows devices. It includes Lync, Publisher, Access, OneNote, Outlook, Excel, PowerPoint and Word. This software allows you to conveniently work with spreadsheets, a business graphics editor, a presentation program, a desktop publishing system, a database management system, and prepare visual presentations.

Your personal dispatcher is now Outlook, which includes an address book, weekly planner, diary, email for communication with the outside world, and also performs other required functions. ABOUT Microsoft Office you can write a lot. But if you fork out the money to purchase it once, you will get a very good, irreplaceable assistant.

Introduction

IN operating system Windows XP has a large set of built-in programs that will be useful for a novice computer user. The main advantage of these programs is their availability on almost all computers. Some features are only available in these programs.

Using standard programs you can draw, write texts, emails, watch and create films, listen to music.

Click the "Start" button, select the "All Programs" menu.

P "Games" app. Mini games from Microsoft.

Folder "Standard programs".

Paint. A program for working with raster graphics. The following tools are available: eraser, brush, fill, pencil, lettering (without effects), line, rectangle and others.

WordPad simple program for editing and formatting texts. Text can be italic or bold in lists.

The address book- database of user contacts.

Notebook. simplest text editor. The program has a minimal set of functions, loads quickly, and does not require prior installation.

Calculator. The program has 2 operating modes - engineering and simple. Calculations are carried out in various (2, 8, 10, 16) number systems. The calculator works with degrees and radians, trigonometric functions, logarithms, powers. The calculator works with numbers up to 32 digits.

Command line (console). A type of text-based interface (CUI) between a person and a computer in which instructions are given to the computer by entering text commands from the keyboard. Interface command line contrasts with menu-based program control systems as well as various GUI implementations.

Program Compatibility Wizard. Allows you to check the operation of an application (program) in various modes and with various parameters. For example, if the program was developed for Windows 95, select Windows 95 compatibility mode and try running the program again. You can try running the program with different parameters. (with 256 colors or a resolution of 640 by 480 pixels).

Remote desktop connection. This program allows you to control a computer running Windows XP Professional from other computers over a network. On remote computer Must be running Microsoft Windows XP Professional and connected to the Internet or network. On local computer Any Windows after Windows 95 can work. On the remote computer you need to create Accounts, with the appropriate rights.

Conductor. A program that provides user access to files in the operating room Microsoft system Windows. Explorer is the basis of the graphical shell Windows user. You can use File Explorer to copy, move, and delete files and folders.

Synchronization. Allows you to synchronize data on your computer and the network.

Folder "Entertainment". Microsoft Windows developers offer us to have fun with the volume program (adjusting the volume of headphones, speaker systems, digital audio outputs) and the sound recording program (recording audio files from a digital input, CD/DVD drive, microphone).

IN
folder "Communication" there is HyperTerminal - a program that can be used to access other computers via a modem, serial port or via the telnet protocol, wizards for connecting to various network connections and the folder " Network connections».

Folder "Service".

WITH
new Internet Explorer, programs for data archiving, system recovery (install minimum value For system disk and disable for other drives to increase the speed and performance of your computer), disk defragmentation (this program will place information on your disk in order, which will increase the speed of reading and writing data from your hard drive, run this program regularly, first freeing up to 20% of the space on each disk).

Copy and Cleanup Wizards. To automatically clean the recycle bin, temporary folders and files, it is better to use DustBuster or CCleaner.

System Information program allows you to view the settings of the operating system, hardware and Microsoft software products. Here you can find out the version of the operating system, which is important during installation certain programs and updates.

"Symbol table" is a program for viewing fonts (the fonts themselves can be found and installed in the “Fonts” folder in the Control Panel).

Security Center- software that monitors the presence of installed, active and up-to-date antivirus, firewall, and operating system updates on your computer. If you are not using licensed windows xp it is better to disable this service. When updating from the official Windows update website, the operating system is blocked after 30 days.

"Accessibility" folder. Programs for people with disabilities.

Studied with standard Windows programs

1. Calculator

There are situations when you need to quickly calculate something. It's unpleasant to have a computer in front of you that can perform millions of operations per second, and find yourself having to do the simplest calculations with pencil and paper.

The Calculator program solves this problem. The first time, enable it like this: Start > Programs > Accessories > Calculator. If you use the calculator often, this launch method may seem inconvenient - create an icon.

The Calculator program neatly reproduces on the screen the image of a regular desktop or pocket calculator. If you have already dealt with such a device, you will immediately recognize almost all the buttons shown on the screen. The only difference is that you need to press them not with your finger, but with the mouse.

Arithmetic calculations

TO Buttons with blue symbols are used to enter numbers: these are numbers 0-9, a decimal point (or period) and a key to change the sign of a number. Buttons with red symbols are used to perform basic arithmetic operations: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/). The equal sign (=) button calculates the value of an expression.

For example, if you want to calculate the expression 2*3+5, then you need to sequentially click on the buttons “2”, “*”, “3”, “+”, “5”, “=”. The answer will appear on the “indicator” at the top of the “calculator” - the number 11. Please note that we did not click on the “=” button after entering the number “3”. The calculator, like most of its desktop counterparts, allows you to perform chains of sequential arithmetic operations. For example: 2+3*5+7/2.
In this mode, the Calculator has “arithmetic” logic, that is, when calculating complex arithmetic expressions, the procedure accepted in mathematics is not followed. The expression is evaluated from left to right as written. In our example, we actually calculate ([(2+3)*5]+7)/2=16 instead of 2+(3*5)+(7/2).

If we needed to calculate this expression “according to the rules,” then such a successful sequential chain of actions would no longer be found. This is where the “memory” of our Calculator comes to the rescue.

Notice the red labeled buttons on the left side of the panel. They are intended for memory operations.

Memory Clear - clearing memory.

Memory Recall - calling a number from memory.

Memory Store - writing a number into memory.

Memory+ - adding a number on the indicator to a number in memory.

Now it is easy to perform the desired operation. Click on the buttons “2”, “MS” (stored the first number), “3”, “*”, “5”, “=”, “M+” (calculated the product 3 * 5 and added it to the number, stored in memory), “7”, “/”, “2”, “=”, “M+” (received the final result), “MR” (displayed it on the indicator). The result is 20.5.

Please also note that when a number is stored in memory, the letter M appears in the window above the buttons intended for working with memory.

The dark blue buttons on the right side of the panel perform some special operations.

Square RooT - This button allows you to extract the square root of a number set on the indicator panel. The % button allows you to calculate percentages. For example, to answer the question “What is 20% of the number 6,” click on the buttons “6”, “*” (multiplication is required!), “2”, “0”, “%”. The answer will appear on the indicator - 1.2.

The dark brown buttons directly below the indicator are used to edit the entered numbers.

Backspace - cancel the last entered digit. For example, click on the buttons “2”, “3”, “Back”, “4”. The indicator will show the number 24.

Clear Entry - deleting the last entered number entirely. For example, type “2”, “4”, “+”, “1”, “6”, “CE”, “2”, “4”, “=”. The indicator will show 48 (24+24).

Clear - completely clears the calculator (except for memory) and prepares it to start a new calculation.

And finally, one last note. Try multiplying two large numbers. Enter, for example, arbitrary numbers “in the entire length” of the indicator). Something like 2.68805458746e+24 will appear on the screen. This is the so-called “engineering” way of writing numbers. Number after letter e indicates how many positions the decimal point should be moved to, that is, in fact, this number is 2688054587460000000000000. The zeros at the end of the number are conditional, in fact, neither we nor the Calculator know what numbers are in these positions. If you've never seen this notation before, it might be a little confusing, but it's actually useful for working with very large or very small numbers (try clicking the 1/x button).

Mathematical calculations

You may have used calculators to perform complex engineering and scientific calculations. They are able to calculate a large number of various mathematical functions. The Calculator program also has such capabilities. To access them, select the item in the menu bar View > Engineering. The appearance of the calculator will change - now there are new buttons on it.

In engineering mode, the calculator has “algebraic” logic, that is, when calculating complex arithmetic expressions, the accepted order of operations is followed - multiplication and division are performed first, and only then addition and subtraction. In our example, 2+3*5+7/2 will be calculated as 2+(3*5)+(7/2)=20.5.

The purple buttons to the left of the memory buttons enable you to perform mathematical calculations. Pay attention to the “Inv” and “Hyp” flags located above and slightly to the left. Thanks to them, each of these buttons allows you to perform multiple functions.

"Inv" checkbox turns functions into “inverses”, for example, instead of calculating the sine, the arcsine will be calculated, instead of raising the number X to the power of Y, the root of the power of Y will be extracted from the number X, etc.

Hyp checkbox only works for trigonometric functions - it turns them into hyperbolic ones.

Statistical calculations

WITH Statistical calculations are slightly different from the others because they also have another small help window. Statistics.

To carry out statistical calculations, use the buttons with blue symbols on the left panel of the Calculator.

They can be used to enter a series of numbers and determine the mean of those numbers and the standard deviation for that series. To work in mode Statistics You need to know a few simple rules:

1. Window Statistics opens with the Sta button - you can enter a series of numbers into it.

2. The number typed in the Calculator panel is sent to the window Statistics button Dat.

3. Three Calculator buttons are used to calculate statistical functions for the series of data that is typed in the window Statistics. This:

Ave - calculation of the arithmetic mean of the series;

Sum - calculation of the sum of numbers in a series;

s - calculation of standard deviation.

As an example, let's perform statistical processing of a series of numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7:

We enter the number “1” in the Calculator;

Open the Statistics window with the button Sta;

We send a number from the Calculator to it using the button Dat;

We enter the number “3” in the Calculator;

We send it to the Statistics window with the button Dat;

We dial “5”;

Send by button Dat;

We dial “7”;

Send by button Dat.

Now the entire series of numbers has been entered and you can begin its statistical processing. By clicking the button Ave, we get the average value of the series - 4. By clicking on the button Sum, we get the sum of the numbers in the series - 20.

Logical calculations

The red buttons on the right edge of the calculator are designed to work with integers in various systems Reckoning. The program allows you to work with binary (Bin), octal (Oct), decimal (Dec) and hexadecimal (Hex) numbers, convert numbers from one system to another, and also perform logical and other integer operations on numbers.

To understand any button (any panel element) or any function of the Calculator program, click on this element right click mice. A tooltip “What is this?” will appear in front of you. Left-click on it and get clear, understandable help.

2. Notepad

The Notepad program is a very convenient tool for working with short text files. Such files are common (for example, these are Readme files that accompany almost all software products). Thanks to its simplicity, this program can be used for the simplest everyday tasks, and in order to master typing text on a computer with its help.

Text documents are usually considered files with the txt extension, but in fact, other files can also have text content, for example, with the extensions bat, htm and many others. Windows 95 is capable of automatically recognizing several types of files (although you can customize and reconfigure this feature as you wish) containing text information. She will open such files using Notepad.

Please note that the Notepad program is stored in the Notepad.exe file, and the English name of this Notepad program may still appear here and there in the Russian version of the system. Do not be alarmed or surprised - in this case we are still talking about the Notepad program.

To launch the Notepad program, just double-click on the icon of any text file: the program will be launched, and the marked file will open in it automatically. But the size of the files that Notepad can work with is limited. If the file you are trying to open is too large, another, more powerful standard WordPad editor program will be launched, which will be discussed below.

To create a new file from scratch using Notepad, you need to launch it through the menu. To do this, open the Main Menu and select the item in it: Programs>Accessories>Notepad. If you have to do this often, then create a program icon on your desktop.

However, keep in mind that the Notepad program is intended not so much for creating documents, but for quickly familiarizing yourself with existing ones. Therefore, its capabilities may seem very modest to you. But its advantages include loading speed and ease of operation.

What good can be done with its help? First, you can write and print a short document. Secondly, you can work with the Notepad program as with a regular text editor - type characters from the keyboard and see them on the screen. The typed text can be saved in a file for later use. Notepad is often used to prepare messages in advance for later sending via email.

Notepad as a diary

Even more interesting is the possibility of using Notepad to keep a diary. Create a new text file, preferably directly on the Desktop. Open this file in Notepad, and in its first line, starting from the very first position, type the command.LOG (that’s right, starting with the “dot” symbol and in capital letters). Save the file.

Now, whenever you want to add some information to this file, open it again using Notepad, for example, by double-clicking on the file icon. You will see that the current date and time are automatically inserted at the end of the file. After them, you can type any text, save it and close the file.

The same thing will be repeated in the future: every time you open this file, the current date and time will be added to its end.

When working with Notepad, the current date and time can be added to the file at any time by pressing F5.

If it seems to you that the Notepad program is poor in its capabilities, then it’s hard to argue with that. But despite this (or perhaps precisely because of this), it remains one of the most convenient and frequently used tools.

3. Graphic editor Paint

When talking about a graphics editor, two concepts are often confused. There are graphic editors that are designed to create images, and there are editors that are focused on processing ready-made images. Of course, this division is very arbitrary, but the processes of creating and processing images are largely independent. In the first case, you need to be able to draw lines, points, and various geometric shapes. In the second case, we are talking about combining images, combining colors, introducing various additional visual effects(filters) such as purposeful distortions that create an unusual impression.

The graphic editor Paint belongs to the first of these categories and is intended for creating the simplest graphic images. It is suitable for creating simple illustrations, mainly diagrams, diagrams and graphs, which can be embedded in text documents. In addition, Paint can be used for educational purposes. Development computer graphics It is better to start with this program, since more powerful graphic editors may require not only months, but even years to fully study all the possibilities.

There are special graphic editors that reproduce the artist’s creative process, that is, they simulate not only colors, but also materials. For paints, these are oil, watercolor, ink, gouache, pencil, etc. Both types of canvas and tools are modeled (thickness and hardness of the brush, etc.). Even painting styles are modeled (impressionism, cubism, primitivism, etc.).

H
to launch graphics editor Paint, open the Main Menu and select: Programs>Standard>Graphic editor Paint.

When the program loads, you will see that the main part of the window is occupied by the working field, on which the drawing will be created. To the left of the picture is a set of tools, and below it is a color palette.

The Paint graphic editor allows you to draw various objects and also has some tools for working with color. Let's look at some of these possibilities in order.

How to draw a rectangle

The tool for this is called:Rectangle. Click on it with the mouse and The mouse pointer will take the form of a crosshair. Rectangles are drawn using the Click+Drag method.

First, expand the editor's workspace to fill the entire screen. Now left click in the left top corner and, without releasing the button, drag the mouse to the lower right corner, where you release it. A rectangular frame is formed in the size of the working field of our drawing. Experiment with creating a few more rectangles as shown in our illustration.

How to draw a straight line

Select the tool calledLine. A line, like a rectangle, is drawn using the “Click+Drag” method. Where the line ends, you must release the button, and if you want to continue drawing, press the button again.

In case of an error, the finishing touches can be removed using the command Edit > Undo,

The line width can be selected from the menu under the toolbox.

How to paint with a brush

Select a toolBrush, a in the menu that opens below the toolbox - the widest brush size. Now we will draw a tree trunk. It will be brown, so left-click in the color picker on the cell with brown paint. We will do the drawing with the same click and drag.

TO how to use a spray bottle

Tool Spray works like an airbrush.

Having selected it in the toolbox, then select the desired spot size and finally the green paint - we will be painting the foliage. If this is an apple tree, then red round spots (apples) can be placed using a round brush, selecting red paint from the palette.

How to draw a circle or ellipse

A tool is used for thisEllipse. It works the same way, by clicking and dragging the mouse.

With this tool you can create both ellipses and regular circles. If it is difficult for you to make the correct circle “by eye”, you can press and hold the Shift key while drawing - you will get a circle, not an ellipse.

When drawing geometric shapes, pay attention to two things. First, the line thickness will be the same as what you set the last time you drew with the tool Line. If it does not suit you, then you need to enable the tool Line, select new thickness and return to tool Ellipse. Now the line will be as it should. The second circumstance is the color of the line. If you have previously drawn apples and your color is red, you are unlikely to be happy with clouds in the sky with a red border. Choose a new color to suit your taste.

Reproduction of objects

After drawing the sun and clouds, we can practice working with objects. All we see on the screen are graphic objects. They can be moved around the screen, creating combinations of different objects from them and thereby replacing conventional drawing with artistic design (what is called design).

For an object to become independent, it must be “selected” - the tool is used for thisSelection. Select this tool, draw a dotted frame around an object (for example, a cloud), and now you can move this cloud around the screen until it reaches the desired position. Experiment with moving graphic objects and notice the effect of pressing the Shift key. Did you feel the difference?

But you can do more than just move selected objects. They can, for example, be reproduced by copying. When an object is selected, the menu Edit several new points appear, among which interesting points Copy And Cut out. Click on this item. In this case, the selected object will be copied to the so-called Windows system clipboard. (Difference between teams Copy And Cut in that in the first case the original object remains in its place, and in the second it “dies.”)

With a copy of the object in the system buffer, you can now begin to reproduce the object. When there is something in the buffer, in the menu Edit the command appears Insert. This command places a copy of the object on the screen. It doesn’t matter where it ends up - you can always move it to the place you like. Often the copy is placed in exactly the same place where the original was, so that it is not immediately noticeable that something has appeared on the screen.

You can paste as many copies from the buffer as you want.

Other operations with objects

Objects can not only be moved and copied - you can do many other useful and useless things with them. All of them are contained in the menu, which opens by clicking on the item Drawing.

The selected object can be rotated by a given angle, mirrored, stretched, compressed (both vertically and horizontally), tilted, inverted colors and, most importantly, changed attributes. If no object in this moment is not selected, then all these operations apply to the entire picture as a whole.

Click on the item Drawing > Attributes. Among the attributes of a drawing are its size. It can be measured in inches, centimeters and pixels. The size in pixels (screen pixels) is the most interesting. If you know the graphic resolution of your screen, then you can determine how much of the screen the image occupies. By changing the value set here, you can increase (or decrease) the size of the image.

How to draw a curved line

A tool is used for thisCurve. Drawing curved lines is probably the most difficult task in Paint. They are drawn in three steps. At first ( in the usual way) a straight line is drawn - draw it across the entire width of the screen. Then you can make two bends in this line. Place the cursor somewhere near the line, click the button and move the mouse. You will see how the line bends elastically. When you release the button, the line will become curved. The second bend is made in the same way. Such smooth curves with two bends are calledBezier curves. They are very suitable for depicting the curvature of natural objects, such as the outlines of people and animals.

It may not be possible to get an acceptable result right away. After each unsuccessful attempt, do not forget to delete the “defect” using the command Edit>Cancel.

In the place where the drawn curve crossed our “house”, it can be removed using the toolEraser.

ABOUT It works very simply. And in the place where the line has spoiled the “tree”, it can be sprayed with green paint from a spray bottle.

Fill Tool

This is apparently the simplest and most effective tool in the program. It is used to paint closed contours with the selected color. Select this tool, select the desired paint, and by clicking inside any path in the drawing, you will paint the entire shape with one color.

E If the outline is not continuous, if there is at least one small “hole” in it, left, for example, after careless work with an eraser, then the paint will “break out” when pouring and flood the entire drawing. Cancel such a marriage with the command Edit>Cancel.

Get started new drawing by creating a common rectangular frame. It serves as a natural closed loop and will help avoid troubles when pouring. Whenever possible, try to use tools for closed shapes (rectangles, ellipses, etc.) first, and only then tools for straight, curved and broken lines. This will also help make pouring easier.

Scale tool

Sometimes the breaks in the contour are so small that they cannot be seen by eye. In this case, a tool calledScale, although it looks like a regular magnifying glass.

Lettering Tool

Used to create text inscriptions. Click on the button with this tool and select the inscription mode at the bottom. There are two such modes:

An inscription with a specified background; inscription with transparent background.

If selected transparent background, as on our “fence”, then the background will be the one that is present in this place.

After selecting the drawing mode, the cursor will take the form of a double crosshair. Use it to create a rectangle in which the inscription will be entered. Click inside this rectangle and an "I" shaped cursor will appear. You can now enter text. When entering text, you can use all the fonts that you have installed on Windows 95 (let's hope that you have fonts with Russian characters). To choose one of installed fonts, click on the item in the menu

View>Text attributes panel. A small panel will appear on the screen in which you can select the font (by name), its size (in points) and font style. In the Paint program, only three types of outline are available to you:

Bold;

Italic (oblique);

Underlined.

Selecting background color and tool color from the palette

TO When we draw something, we always deal with two colors. The first is the background color and the second is the tool color. Both can change, but at any moment there is both. By the way, if the color of the tool matches the background color, then nothing can be seen in the drawing, although the drawing still exists.

You can see what color the tool is currently selected and what the background color is by looking at the small window in the lower left corner of the editor. There are two squares shown there. The top one has the current tool color, and the bottom one has the current background color.

Changing these colors is very simple - you just need to click on the cell of the palette with paints. If you click with the left button, the tool color will be selected, and if you click with the right button, the background color will be selected.

Selecting the background color and tool color from the drawing

Sometimes it is necessary to set the color of a tool not just any color, but exactly the same color that already exists somewhere in the picture. A tool is used for thisChoice of colors (colloquially it is called a “dropper”). Click with such an eyedropper anywhere on the working field, and the color that is present there will be selected as the current one. If you left-click, this will be the tool color, and if you right-click, this will be the background color.

Saving a drawing to disk

Whether your drawing is ready or not, you can save it to disk. If it is not ready yet, it can be modified later. If you are ready, then you can embed it in a document, send it by e-mail, display it on the Internet on a server, print it on a printer, and even use it as a desktop picture.

To save the file, click on the menu item File and in the menu that opens, select Save or Save as... If you have already saved your drawing (and its name is known to the operating system), then the command is enough Save. If you have never saved a drawing before, then the system knows nothing about it and you need to assign a name to it - give the command Save as...

In the menu that opens, select the file type, for example 256-color BMP pattern, select the folder where it will be saved and enter a file name. Paint program saves pictures only in bmp format (there are dozens of other graphic formats). bmp format is neither the best nor the most economical, but it is a “system” format for the Windows system, and this is a guarantee that it will be parsed and understood by all programs running on this system.

How to use your drawing as a desktop wallpaper

IN
All desktop wallpapers are stored in the Windows folder. Open this folder and find in it the ready-made pictures used in the system. Copy your drawing there too.

If you now enter the Desktop settings dialog box , then yours will be present in the drop-down list of prepared drawings. The result could be, for example, as funny as the one shown in the picture above.

4. Text editor WordPad

The WordPad text editor has significantly more capabilities than the Notepad program and can be used both for viewing documents and for creating them. What are its advantages?

Firstly, there are no restrictions on the size of the processed file. WordPad can work with files of any size, regardless of the amount of computer memory and the number of programs open at the same time.

Secondly, WordPad can work not only with regular text files (txt), but also with documents in .doc format. These are also text documents, but in addition to the text, they also contain the document’s design style (its appearance).

To launch the WordPad editor, double-click on the icon of the document you want to view or edit, or select the item from the Main Menu: Programs>Accessories>Text editor WordPad.

If you have more powerful text editors installed on your computer, such as Word 7.0 or Word 97, they may have switched some file types during installation. In this case, when you double-click on the file icon with the .doc extension, it is not WordPad that is launched, but another editor.

What features does WordPad offer compared to Notepad? The most important thing is the ability to format the text. When using the Notepad program, all “formatting” comes down to inserting additional spaces, which is inconvenient, ineffective and does not guarantee the desired result, for example, when printing a document.

The WordPad editor provides several options for formatting text, and they are focused on the fact that in the future the document will be printed.

In particular, you can specify in centimeters the desired dimensions of the sheet of paper on which printing will be done.

How to set the font to use

H
To change the font (that is, its size and name), first select the piece of text whose appearance you want to change. Then, from the menu bar, select Format > Font. In the dialog box that opens, you can select a new font type from those installed on your machine, as well as set its other parameters - color, size and style (bold, italic, underline, etc.).

When using TTF (True Type Fonts) format fonts and an appropriate printer (for example, laser), the appearance of the document on the screen and the one received when printed will be exactly the same. However, be aware that if you plan to transfer the document to another computer and print it there, it may be that that (other) computer does not contain the fonts you used and, as a result, the printed document will not look the way you wanted.

You can select the desired font at formatting panels.

Two drop-down lists specify the font type and its size, the buttons “F”, “ N" And " H." set the bold, italic and underline modes respectively. All these modes can be selected jointly and independently of each other. The next button allows you to select the text color.

All text you enter after changing the font size will use the new settings.

How to change paragraph format

Move the cursor to the paragraph whose format you want to change. From the menu bar, select Format > Paragraph In the dialog box that opens, set the required margins from the edges of the page and the alignment mode. All text entered after this will use the newly set parameters.

How to set text alignment

When you read a book or newspaper, you see that on the left all the lines start from the same place. This is called left alignment. In the WordPad text editor, you can set one of three possible alignment types: left, centered, or right.

You can do this by changing the paragraph format as described above, or by using the buttons on the formatting bar. These buttons represent conventional “lines of text” aligned in different ways.

Left alignment is most common, but headings are usually centered, and tables of numbers often make sense to be right aligned.

How to use introductory bullets

Sometimes you may want to mark sections of text special characters, to show that it covers different sides of the same issue or that it is some kind of list.

You can use markers for this. To set the marker installation mode, select Format > Marker or click on the button Markers in the formatting panel. A marker in the form of a black circle will appear on the screen. Each time you type another paragraph of text and press the Enter key. Another marker will appear on the screen. Once you've finished using the markers, select the option again. Format > Marker or click on the button Markers in the formatting panel. You will return to normal mode.

Menu: File and Edit

The Word Pad text editor has other features that would take up too much space to fully cover. However, further you can read about the commands included in the first two items of the menu bar, namely: File And Edit. The fact is that similar menu items are found in almost all programs for Windows 95 and are used for approximately the same purposes. Therefore, once you become familiar with these features in WordPad, you can confidently use them in other programs, and not just in text editors.

Menu: File

Create. This menu item is used to create n new document. WordPad has only one window at its disposal and therefore can only work with one document at a time. More powerful programs can work with several documents simultaneously and open a separate window for each such document. In this case the command Create usually creates a new document in a new window.

If you want to work with not one, but two documents at the same time, for example, read one and cook the other, then you can open the WordPad program on the screen two or more times.

Open. This command opens a previously prepared document. A dialog box appears on the screen in which you can select both the folder from which you want to download the document and the document itself. Otherwise, the same thing happens as when creating a new document.

Save. Writes the current version of the document to disk under the same name under which it was previously stored. If you have created a new document, it does not yet have a name and therefore a dialog box will appear in which you can enter a name for the file to be written.

If you have edited (or changed) a previously existing document and want to save both the changes and the previous version, then use the following command.

Save as... This command allows you to write the current document to disk and give it a new name. When you select this command, you will be presented with a dialog box where you can select the desired folder.

If a file with the same name already exists, you will be asked for additional confirmation whether you want to replace the contents of this file with the new one. You can confirm writing to the same file or select a different file name.

Seal. Used to print a document. A dialog box will appear on the screen allowing you to set additional printing options.

List of documents. At the bottom of the menu there may be additional items (up to four) containing the full path to the documents you have worked with recently. This is convenient because many documents are needed frequently. You can open any of your recently used documents.

Exit. Serves to complete work with the program. If the current document has not been saved, you will be prompted to save changes made, cancel them or continue working with the program.

Menu: Edit

This menu defines special editing operations information, including the ability to exchange information between different documents or programs. Transferring information from one document to another using WordPad may seem impossible due to the fact that WordPad only supports one window, but this is actually not the case.

Cancel. This command undoes the last action performed. An action means using any possible command or typing a series of characters from the keyboard. This feature is convenient, although it is very easy to “overshoot” the critical point and lose the opportunity to restore the state before the error was made.

Cut And Copy. Both of these commands are designed to ensure that the fragment is inserted of this document to another place or document.

Above, when analyzing the Paint graphic editor, we talked about the fact that if you select an object on the screen, you can perform various actions with it, for example, copy it to the Windows system clipboard. This can also be done in the WordPad editor (as in most other programs running on Windows 95). True, if in the graphic editor the main objects were drawings, then here the main objects are text fragments (although not only them).

To select a text object, you first need to select a piece of text. Place the mouse pointer at the beginning of the selected fragment, press the button and, without releasing it, move the pointer to the end of the selected fragment. The same effect can be achieved by moving the cursor using the keys while holding down the Shift key.

Now the team Cut or Copy will place the selected fragment in Windows Clipboard, to which all running programs have equal access. The only difference between these commands is that the command Cut deletes a fragment from the document, and the command Copy leaves it in place.

It is useful to know that the Windows clipboard is universal and can contain any type of data. In the same way, it is used not only for transmitting text fragments, but also for copying images, fragments of sound recordings, video clips, etc.

Insert. To use information that has been placed on the clipboard, use the command Insert. This command places the data on the clipboard at the location where the mouse pointer is currently located. The clipboard is not cleared, so the same fragment can be pasted into different places in the document several times.

Other menu commands Edit are specific in nature and most likely will not be found in another program. The exception is the teams Find, Find next And Replace, which are common to all text editors. These commands allow you to search and replace one combination of characters with another.

Find. If you select this command from the menu, you will be presented with a dialog box in which you can type a sequence of characters that will be searched in the text. When such a sequence is found, the search will pause. You can continue editing the document normally or issue the command Find next, which can detect the next occurrence of a given sequence of characters.

Replace. This command works similarly, except that you specify two character sequences. When WordPad finds the first of the specified sequences, it pauses and gives you the opportunity to indicate that the second sequence should be replaced.

You also have the opportunity to set the global replacement mode. In this case, all occurrences of the first sequence in the document text will be automatically replaced with the second sequence. Team Replace all - an absolutely necessary thing when editing texts. So, for example, the words “dialog box” and “dialog window” can be found in books on equal terms, the same with the words “ HDD" and "Winchester". Authors can use both terms, but the editor who prepared the book for release must “clean it all out”, and the teams help him with this Find And Replace.

Relationship between applications

Exactly for implementation and linking and stands the great power of the Windows operating system. So what is it embedding and linking objects?

We have already mentioned above that the operating system has a so-called clipboard. An object selected in a document, be it a drawing in a graphics editor or text in a text editor, can be sent to this buffer. And then this object from the buffer can be inserted into another document. But the clipboard is universal and can contain not only texts and pictures, but also any other information, for example, a sound clip or video clip. The question may arise: “What happens if we try to insert non-text information, such as an image or sound recording, into a text document in the WordPad editor?

It turns out that a similar feature is provided in Windows 95. And we can talk not only specifically about the WordPad program, but also about many other programs. The Windows system allows you to insert any object into a document: an image, a sound recording, an animation. Static objects (images) will be embedded directly into the document, dynamic objects (sound recordings and videos) can be activated using double click on an image or icon of an object.

P An interesting thing turns out. Previously, we believed that a document was something that officials worked with in offices. These are sheets of paper that have something printed on them and can be read. Today everything is changing. Now the document becomes electronic. You can not only read it, but also watch and listen to it. This is what is called “multimedia”.

How to insert an external object into a document? There are two ways: it can be inserted from random access memory, or you can from a file on disk. The first method has actually already been described above. Open the picture in the Paint graphic editor, select an object in it, then use the command Copy place the object on the clipboard. Then go to WordPad and give the command Insert - O
The object is inserted into the document.

The second method is more complex, but also more universal. In the menu bar, select the item Insert > An object. A dialog box opens. Installing the switch Create from file and specify the full search path and file name. If the exact name and location of the file is unknown, use the button Review.

This is it Introduction of objects. The object is, as it were, built into the body of your document and “lives” inside it and in
place with him.

Please note that every object has a size (text is smaller, graphics are larger, and video clips are even larger), and when an object is “embedded”, the document, of course, increases, and sometimes very significantly.

What is binding? It differs from implementation in that in this case the object is not embedded in the document, only a link to it is embedded. The object itself remains where it was - in another folder on the hard drive of your computer or on a neighboring computer, and maybe even in another city.

It can be assumed, that tying something better than implementation. But it is not so. Let's figure it out.

If the drawing implemented into the text, it “lives” inside the document, is embedded in the document file and is transmitted along with it. If the drawing Connected with text, it is stored somewhere else. Of course, the associated object is not sent along with the document. Only the address where this object can be found is transmitted.

Saving document space when linking objects has a downside. You have to make sure that the connection is maintained. If someone moves the original object to another location (to another directory, for example), then the link will no longer work and the document will remain without the object. There is also a threat that someone can change the object, and then in your documents, instead of a diagram of the continuous growth of the enterprise’s labor productivity, there may be a graph of a steady increase in wage arrears.

But besides the disadvantages, there are also advantages. For example, thousands of company documents may be linked to an audio file containing the company anthem. And when the president of the company wants to change this anthem, he will replace one file, and the new anthem will “play” in all thousands of documents.

Coupling really comes into its own when there is an enterprise local area network, in which one central computer reports only to the boss. In everyday life, as a rule, they still use “implementation”, which is done using the clipboard.

Remember the following simple key combinations that work in most Windows programs:

Ctrl+x - cut an object from the document to the buffer; Ctrl + c - copy an object from a document to the clipboard; "Ctrl+v - paste an object from the clipboard into the document.

View clipboard

While we're on the subject of the system clipboard W indows plays such a big role, it would be interesting to ask a piquant question: “What is in the buffer?”

The clipboard is located in the computer's RAM, and you can only look into it using programs. For this purpose, the operating system has special program, which is called “View Clipboard”. You can find it in the same place as all other standard programs - in the folderStandard. This is done like this:

Start > Programs>Standard>View the clipboard.

When you run this program, its window will display what is in the buffer. The program allows you not only to view the contents of the buffer, but also to save it on your hard drive: File >Save as... The contents of the buffer are saved in clp format. Accordingly, you can do the opposite operation - load into the clipboard what was previously saved on your hard drive.

When looking through the contents of the Standard folder, you may be surprised to not find the Clipboard Viewer program in it. If you don't have it, then know that this is because Windows 95 automatic installation does not install this program. In order for you to have it, you either had to install the system manually or additionally install this program. This can be done at any convenient time. And we will tell you how this is done in the next chapter.

Conclusion

Windows not only keeps your computer running, but also provides you with several “standard” basic programs that are convenient for everyday work. These programs are not enough for a full professional activity, but they are quite suitable for quickly performing simple operations.

Another advantage of “standard” programs is the ability to quickly master them, so they are quite suitable as the first stage of training before mastering more powerful professional packages.

Bibliography

1. Aliev V.K. Computer science in tasks, examples, algorithms. - M.: Solon-R, 2001. - 143 p.

2. Baldin K.V., Utkin V.B. Computer science: A textbook for students. universities - M.: PROJECT, 2003.

3. Bezruchko V. T. Workshop on the course “Informatics”. Working in Windows, Word, Excel: Textbook. manual for universities, educational. in all areas of training. bachelors and masters and all specialists. prepared diploma specialist. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2004. - 272 p.

4. McCormick D. Secrets of working in Windows, Word, Excel: Complete Guide for beginners / Igor Timonin (translated from English). - Kh.: Book Club "Family Leisure Club", 2007. - 240 p.

5. Efimova O. et al. Computer technology course. - M.: ABF, 1998.

6. Leontiev V.P. Personal Computer. Pocket guide. - M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2004.

7. Titorenko G.A. Information technologies in marketing. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2001.

8. Informatics for lawyers and economists / Simonovich S.V. and others - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004

9. Baldin K.V., Utkin V.B. Computer science: Textbook for students. universities - M.: PROJECT, 2003.

Introduction

The Windows operating system has a whole arsenal of simple and not only built-in programs, which are not a sin to use in the absence of more professional analogues, and for novice PC users who have just begun their journey in the world of high computer technology, they will be a good platform for starting and learning. Using standard programs, you can draw, type text documents, communicate by email, watch movies and listen to music.

1. Task Manager

The task manager is used to display key performance indicators of your computer. It displays information about programs and processes running on your computer. For running programs, you can view their status and terminate programs that have stopped responding. Additionally, if your computer is connected to a network, you can view the network status and operating parameters.

To start the dispatcher Windows tasks, requires simultaneous pressing of three buttons - Ctrl+Alt+Del. A program window will appear.

2. Disk check

During PC operation, malfunctions may sometimes occur, such as software(including the operating system) and equipment (for example, during a simple power outage). As a result, errors may occur in the file system - this is when information about a particular file or directory no longer corresponds to reality.

3. Disk Cleanup

Free space tends to shrink even on the most capacious hard drives. Therefore, you should ensure that there is always enough free space. This problem is partly solved by the Disk Cleanup program, which quite successfully deals with the obviously unnecessary contents of your hard drive.

A number of programs, in particular Microsoft Internet Explorer waste a lot of disk space storing various temporary files. Temporary files are created when installing new programs, as well as when running already installed ones. As a rule, such files are written to a folder specially designated for this purpose - TEMP, located in Windows directory. Theoretically, a program that places files there should delete them, but in practice this does not always happen.

You can call the disk cleanup program from the main Windows menu(All programs->Accessories->Utilities), or, like checking, from the disk context menu. In the first case, you will first be asked to select the disk that you plan to clean. Then the cleaning program window itself will open.

4. Disk defragmentation

Another way to improve computer performance is to defragment the disk. Since the file subsystem divides the disk into clusters into which files are stored, it is quite reasonable to assume that as the file size grows, it will occupy more and more clusters. It's good if there is one nearby free place, but often this is not the case. As a result, different parts of the file end up scattered across the entire surface of the disk. Such files are called fragmented. In principle, there is nothing wrong with this, since the system has information about the location of all parts of the file, but the time required to read a fragmented file requires significantly more.

The defragmentation program is designed to collect files into a single whole. If you launch it from the main menu, you will first have to select a disk from the list to defragment. If you use context menu disk and call the defragmentation program from the Tools tab, the disk will already be selected. Then you can immediately begin defragmentation, or analyze its need using analysis (it allows you to find out the degree of fragmentation of files).

5. Disk archiving

One of the ways to protect important information to protect against loss is its regular archiving, or, as it is more often called, backup. For this purpose, Windows provides a special program - Data Archiving. Like the two previous utilities, it can be called up from the Tools tab of disk properties or found in the main menu among utility programs.

The Windows archiving program is designed as a wizard. After the welcome screen, the user will be asked to choose an action - archiving or restoring from an archive. Leaving archiving selected, click next to select archiving objects. Since copying the entire contents of a disk, as a rule, is not practical, you should select specific files and directories to carry out this important procedure. Most often the main candidates for Reserve copy are the My Documents folder and perhaps some others where the user saves his work. It is precisely this option - archiving a folder with documents, a desktop and files related to working on the Internet - that is offered by the Archiving Wizard.

6. System Restore

Another utility for recovering lost information is the System Restore service. Its fundamental difference from archiving is that it “protects” the settings of the OS itself, including installed drivers devices, hardware profiles, etc. To provide this functionality, Windows regularly creates restore checkpoints, starting from the first time the system is started after it is installed on the computer. In addition, you can create a checkpoint yourself using the same recovery wizard.

To restore your computer to an earlier state, by running the Restore Wizard, you should make sure that the desired item is selected. Then you need to click next. After this, select in the calendar the day on which the system was fully operational (days with restore points are marked in bold) and click next. Now the recovery point has been selected, but the recovery process itself has not yet begun: before starting the recovery, you must close all files and programs! After making sure that all programs and files are closed and the desired restore point is selected, click Next. After some time, the computer will restart with the settings that existed at the time the checkpoint was created. In this case, all documents created by the user, of course, will remain in their place.

7. Symbol table

Sometimes there is a need to enter into a text document a character that is not on the keyboard itself. In this case, a special program - Symbol Table - will come in handy. With its help, you can select any character from those available in the font. To do this, you should either specify the desired symbol and press Enter, or double-click on it with the mouse. If you click only once or move around the table using the arrows, the currently selected symbol will be displayed enlarged in its own window.

8. Calculator

The program emulates a real calculator. It has 2 operating modes - normal and engineering. The first provides the simplest set of operations on numbers. The second one has different mathematical functions. Calculations can be carried out in binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal systems Reckoning. IN decimal system Calculus works with degrees, radians and gradients. The calculator can calculate trigonometric functions, natural and decimal logarithms, factorial, and any powers. There is statistics (Sta) of calculations, which can sometimes be very useful. Of course, there is also ordinary memory (M+, MR, etc.). Can display the exact value of Pi (Pi) on the screen. There are built-in tools for increasing accuracy. Thus, if you divide 1 by 3, and then multiply the resulting number by 3, you will get exactly one, and not 0.99999... In addition, you can enter 32-digit numbers into the calculator! This is not your ordinary calculator with 10 - 18 digits.

9. Notepad

Much has already been written about this program. They said that it does not have many necessary functions, such as syntax highlighting for programming languages, encoding translation, etc. However, so far many users have not made a replacement for Notepad. Unfortunately, the program has very limited functions, like word wrapping, inserting operating time (for this you need to have a .LOG entry in the first line of the file or press F5) and... that’s it. The program can work with files no larger than 64 KB (in Windows, starting with XP, you can work with files of any size). However, it loads almost instantly even on the weakest machines and does not require installation.

10. Paint

A small graphics package included in Windows for processing raster graphics. The program is created for beginners. It has the following tools: eraser, fill, pencil, brush, spray, inscription, line, curve, rectangle, polygon, ellipse, rounded rectangle. There are no filters. Can do minimal technical actions - stretching, scaling, flipping, inverting colors. At a scale greater than 400%, it can display a pixel-by-pixel grid. Can apply captions without any special effects. For professional work the program is unusable. Corel DRAW or Adobe Illustrator are usually used to create graphics, and Adobe Photoshop is used for processing.

11. WordPad

WordPad is a small editor that, unlike Notepad, is capable of minor text formatting, for example, you can make text italic and bold, create lists, and set alignment. It is possible to insert objects using other programs (drawings, sound recordings, etc.) Can process files larger than 64 KB. The main big disadvantage of this program is the lack of tables. In the presence of Microsoft Word users rarely use WordPad.

12. Clipboard

This utility is used to view the contents of the clipboard. If necessary, you can clean it. It is possible to save and open clipboard files (*.clp).

Literature

1. Aliev V.K. Computer science in tasks, examples, algorithms. - M.: Solon-R, 2001. - 143 p.

1. Baldin K.V., Utkin V.B. Computer science: A textbook for students. universities - M.: PROJECT, 2003. - 302 p.

2. Bezruchko V. T. Workshop on the course “Informatics”. Working in Windows, Word, Excel: Textbook. manual for universities, educational. in all areas of training. bachelors and masters and all specialists. prepared diploma specialist. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2004. - 272 p.

3. McCormick D. Secrets of working in Windows, Word, Excel: A complete guide for beginners / Igor Timonin (translated from English). - H.: Book Club "Family Leisure Club", 2007. - 240 p.

Right after Windows installations XP, in the absence of any additional applications the computer can already be used for useful work,The operating system includes standard programs general-purpose applications that are simple versions of typical production applications.

Thus, the Notepad text editor is designed for processing simple, unformatted texts. The techniques used in this program (in particular, methods for editing and highlighting text, working with the clipboard) are absolutely standard and are used without changes in all programs designed to work with texts.

The convenience of the Notepad program lies precisely in its extreme simplicity, which turns out to be very convenient when working with small text documents, especially when you just want to view them without making any changes.

The WordPad word processor is a more sophisticated word processing program. It allows you not only to enter and edit text, but also to format it, that is, to set its appearance and placement on the page. The techniques used in WordPad are also standard and can be used in other, more powerful word processors. Another important feature of WordPad is the availability of tools for creating combined documents. Formatted WordPad documents can include graphics, media, and many other inserts. These elements can be created directly when editing a combined document or taken ready-made from a file created earlier. Insertable elements can be resized, scaled, or deleted.

The Calculator program is a computer version of a typical desktop calculator. It can work in two modes. In the first mode, only four basic arithmetic operations are available, in the second - many functions for scientific and engineering calculations. In addition, in the engineering mode, it is also possible to determine the order of calculations using parentheses, perform bitwise logical operations on integers, as well as statistical calculations. To the operating room Windows system XP includes a special program for viewing images. It is intended primarily for viewing images, but also allows you to work with multi-page files, such as faxes. Working with multi-page documents, as well as annotating documents, relies on the use of graphic format.. TIFF, which allows you to store several graphic pages in one document, as well as overlay graphic and text npi marks on the drawing, keeping the original intact.

Another standard Windows program XP, a graphic editor called Paint, is designed to create raster images. The created drawing can be saved in the standard Windows Bitmap format, as well as in TIFF format or in accepted Internet formats. GIF formats, JPEG and PNG. Drawing is carried out by using tools located on a special panel. The Paint graphic editor allows you to draw lines, straight and curved, draw closed shapes, and select the colors used when drawing. To compose a picture from individual fragments, the Paini in program uses the clipboard in the same way as it does in more powerful graphic editors.

What are general purpose standard programs?

Standard general purpose programs are programs (applications) that are part of the operating system! ifi systems, but intended not to ensure the functionality of the computer, but for practical work, that is, for preparing and viewing documents and performing other work operations. The presence of such programs in the operating system allows the computer to be usefully used, even if there is nothing on it except the operating system.

What standard general-purpose programs are included in Windows XP?

Standard general-purpose programs in the WindowsXP operating system are located in the Accessories submenu of the Main Menu (Start > Programs > Accessories). There are four such programs: Notepad (text editor), WordPad (text process.r), Calculator (computer version of a desktop calculator), faint (graphics editor). By purpose, they are also complemented by a program for viewing images, also included in Windows XP. Oh and is not available through the Main Menu, as it always requires specifying the name of the file being viewed.