RAM is a component of a computer. The most important characteristic is measured in gigabytes: the more, the better. Other characteristics are much less important - timings and number of strips, dual-channel... This device has many other names:
- "brain"
- memory
- RAM
- RAM (random access memory)
- SDRAM
What does RAM look like?
This article explains in detail the purpose random access memory, methods of self-installation (no more difficult than replacing a light bulb!), subtleties of choice. The main thing: after reading a couple of pages of this text, an inexperienced user will easily understand the marketing mantras about megahertz frequencies and will know whether another gigabyte of memory will be useful, or whether the seller is selling an unnecessary product.
What RAM does: a clear explanation
Temporarily stores operational information. Not the one needed to save movies with music, but the one used by Windows itself, programs, games, etc. Such information is stored only when the PC is turned on. The computer turns on, the system starts - and during startup, programs and modules are launched that write the necessary data from the HDD to RAM. So that the computer can “communicate” with this data very quickly - i.e. operate promptly(hence the term “operative”).
In short, this is ultra-fast memory, which is 300 times faster than a hard drive. The quick response of a running program (the instantaneous appearance of a menu when pressing the right mouse button, for example) is a merit of high RAM speeds.
Analogue RAM in the real world - something that is stored in the human brain for a short time. This data is ready for brain processing at any second. With RAM in the brain we can compare, for example, information that we remember for a short time while performing some kind of work. For example, we consider 9 + 3 = 1 and 2 in our minds... Or another example, a waiter remembers what a table was ordered for him - he will most likely forget this information in a couple of hours, replacing it with another. Of course, comparing human memory and computer memory is not very correct, because the brain works differently and everything that gets into the RAM can be remembered and end up in long-term memory (in the HDD), which cannot be the case with a computer... With the HDD, you can compare long-term memory, for example, we read a book and remember something. But access to such data is sometimes not fast, because in order to remember, you need to take a book from the shelf and refresh your memory - such memory can be compared to memory hard drive in a computer - not fast, but fundamental.
Finally, there are also very lightning-fast types of memory. In a computer, this is the processor cache, which is tightly built into the CPU, and in the human head - something that has been firmly and firmly memorized since the school desk: the multiplication table, “live and write with the letter i”, “twice two”, etc. P.
How many GB of RAM do you need?
The bigger, the better? Yes, but only up to a certain limit. Modern computers (from 2012-14) are extremely rarely equipped with one gigabyte of RAM - this is already the day before yesterday and a museum exhibit, and not a real product in 2017.
2 gigabytes RAM is the typical capacity of frankly budget machines. Perhaps this is enough - but it is extremely uncomfortable in terms of speed and responsiveness already at open browser, Word, Skype and antivirus. No, in 2017 two gigabytes are incredibly small - but somehow you can live with them.
4 gigabytes RAM is a certain “threshold” value of RAM capacity. Both fairly budget laptop models and more or less expensive analogues are equipped with four gigabytes. Enough? Frankly, yes; but there is no reserve. The “gluttony” of programs and the operating system itself is capable of loading all 4 gigabytes to capacity, although not always.
8 gigabytes DDR is a zone of comfort and tranquility. Rarely, very rarely, a computer will take up at least 5-6 gigabytes of RAM (this is in 2016, but in 2018 code appetites will be able to fill up a not so huge amount!).
16, 32 (or 128!) gigabytes RAM is unlikely to be needed by the average user - this is already out of space. What's the use of a multi-ton truck body when the car doesn't carry anything larger? washing machine? In 2017, it’s hardly worth buying additional gigabytes of RAM just to “have it.”
The table lists the main “eaters” of RAM. The numbers are only approximate - for some Windows takes more megabytes, for others less. Tabs with sites may contain a short page without pictures, or they may contain monstrous panels social networks with all contacts, blinkers and reminders. Games require a lot, but before starting them it is customary to disable unnecessary browsers and text documents.
So, the table: who “eats” how much RAM. Typical RAM consumption by modern programs. 2016-2017; further - only more.
| Programs and their components | Occupied amount of RAM, megabytes (not GB!) |
| OS Windows 7 | 500-1500 |
| Windows 8 (or 10) OS | 500-1800 |
| Browser with 5-7 open tabs | 400-800 |
| Word | 200 |
| Skype | 100 |
| Numerous service processes, updates, drivers | 10-20 MB in each of 20-50 such microprograms = 200-1000 megabytes |
| Download manager | 20-30 |
| Modern game | 2000-3000 |
| Game sample 2010-2012 | 1000-2000 |
| Antivirus in normal condition | 300-500 |
| Antivirus in full scan mode | 2000-2500 |
So how much RAM does Windows 7 need, for example? Try not to buy computers with 2 gigabytes on board - this is frankly not enough. 4 gigabytes is just good, 8 is super. More is not worth it, as a rule. 16 gigabytes and above are needed for:
- advanced “computer geeks”, for whom a completely standard task is to run 2-3 virtual systems in Windows;
- avid gamers with ultra-high resolution monitors and expensive video cards;
- programmers with the need to debug and test desktop programs;
- video designers and their photo colleagues - and even then not always;
- simply because you want more than others. No focus on practicality.
Types of RAM, frequency and other characteristics
18-20 years have passed since the introduction of the first DDR standard. Several generations of computers have changed, their performance has increased significantly. At any given time, no more than two generations of memory are relevant. In 2017, this is the rapidly aging DDR3, which reigned on the market for 7 years, and the already familiar DDR4. If you purchase new computer, then most likely it will be equipped with the fourth generation of RAM. If we are talking about upgrading an old one (5-8 years ago), then DDR3 works inside. The generations are not compatible with each other: it is physically impossible to insert a DDR4 die into the connector from the “three”, and vice versa.
RAM for laptops differs from regular “desktop” memory in physical dimensions. Laptop RAM is half the length of standard RAM. Frequencies, volume and generation of DDR correspond to each other for laptops and PCs. True, memory for laptops is divided into 2 more subcategories that are physically incompatible with each other:
- standardSO-DIMM(the SO prefix indicates the laptop RAM size) – the most common option;
- low power memory SO-DDR3L(or simply DDR3L, or the newest DDR4L): most often found in inexpensive laptop models.
Second after volume important characteristic RAM: frequency. The more, the better, in principle - but DDR4 at 2100 MHz is just a penny slower than DDR4 at 2800 MHz. The difference is almost 1-2 percent, and even then only in some applications. You shouldn't overpay for megahertz - maybe 2-3 dollars. There are also other characteristics of memory: delays, also known as timings. The lower the timings, the faster the memory works (that’s right - timing 10 is preferable to 12). You certainly shouldn’t rely on this characteristic, although in the DDR/DDR2 era 15 years ago timings mattered more than they do today. However, this is already history.
RAM prices: let's look at the offers
Since about 2010, RAM has been obscenely cheap compared to older times. How much exactly? We apologize for the prices in dollars, but... they are not called “evergreen” for nothing. The prices given are not the cheapest, according to the Bayon.ru online store - but with a margin.
Table: cost of RAM (for laptop and PC), 2017. DDR3 and DDR4 models are presented, as well as “laptop” SO-DIMM form factors.
| Memory type | Frequency, MHz | Price,$ | Note |
| DDR3, 2 GB | 1600 | 19,85 | Cheapest decent option |
| DDR3, 4 GB | 1600 | 26,00 | |
| DDR3, 4 GB | 2400 | 32,15 | Dear, “overclocker” RAM |
| DDR3, 8 GB | 1600 | 38,60 | |
| SO-DIMM DDR3, 2 GB | 1600 | 19,85 | The cheapest RAM stick for a laptop |
| SO-DIMM DDR3, 4 GB | 1600 | 27,50 | The most popular type of laptop RAM |
| SO-DIMM DDR3, 4 GB | 1833 | 29,30 | Popular volume, increased frequency |
| SO-DIMM DDR3, 8 GB | 1600 | 34,50 | Large volume, standard frequency |
| DDR4, 4 GB | 2133 | 26,00 | Average DDR3 4 GB |
| DDR4, 8 GB | 2133 | 42,90 | Popular high volume bar |
| DDR4, 8 GB | 2400 | 55,60 | Large volume, increased frequency |
| SO-DIMM DDR4, 4 GB | 2133 | 27,50 | Standard bracket for a modern laptop |
| SO-DIMM DDR4, 8 GB | 2133 | 43,50 | Volume bar of a modern laptop |
Is it worth upgrading (adding) RAM?
Definitely yes, if the amount of RAM is less than 2-3 gigabytes: the performance increase will be visible to the naked eye. The performance "breaking point" is somewhere between 2 and 4 GB of RAM. Less RAM means significantly less speed. More - everything works as it should, in a word - “flies”.
More likely yes than no, if the available volume is 4 gigabytes. The speed of the computer is unlikely to increase, but there will be significantly fewer freezes and lags. Not a bad investment.
There is no need if there are already 6-8 gigabytes “on board”.
There is no need if the point of updates is to buy DDR with a higher clock frequency. The benefit from such an upgrade, if not zero, tends to be so.
How to add RAM to a computer? What about a laptop? DIY RAM upgrade
PC desktops are larger “creations”. Inside the case you can place at least 10 laptops (in size!). There are a lot of slots and connectors on desktop motherboards, unlike ultra-compact laptops, where every millimeter is saved. The typical number of slots in a computer for RAM is 2 or 4. As a rule, only 1-2 of them are occupied. Adding a RAM stick to an already working one is a matter of a couple of minutes. Just turn off your computer, open system unit and insert the DDR stick into the appropriate connector. No tools or even a screwdriver are needed.
The main requirement is that the RAM must be of the appropriate generation. There is no way to fit modern DDR4 into a DDR3 slot: even their sizes are different. But the volume of the additional bar can be any. The frequency can also be any, but at different frequencies of several RAM sticks, the computer runs on the smallest of them.
On laptops everything is a little more complicated. They have three types of RAM slots:
- Dual slot configurations: as a rule, RAM is already inserted into 2 connectors. In this case, you should buy one more capacious module and replace the existing one with a new one. Classics of the genre: 4 GB of RAM, 2 sticks of 2 GB each. There are no other connectors. You will have to buy a 4 GB memory module (or 8 GB, if necessary), and insert it in place of the old one. As a result, we get 6 GB of RAM. By the way, the old module can be sold.
Less commonly, there are two slots, one of which is occupied and the other is free. Everything is perfectly simple: we buy additional RAM of any volume, insert it into an empty slot. For example, there were 4 GB (one stick), we buy another 4 GB in one stick, insert... the result is 8 GB.
- Single-slot configurations(usually inexpensive laptop models). There is only one slot, and it, of course, is already filled with a RAM stick. The only option is to remove the old module and install a new one with a larger volume.
- Laptops with soldered RAM. An upgrade is almost impossible: unsoldering the old module and re-soldering the new one is a non-trivial and very risky task. However, the RAM is permanently soldered only in inexpensive machines, and this does not happen too often.
How to find out the number of slots and type of memory in a laptop or computer
Any diagnostic program like CPU-Z will do. Download, install, look in the memory section.
Basic information about RAM: how many GB, etc., is located in the Memory tab. The following characteristics are immediately visible:
- Memory type: DDR3
- RAM capacity: 6 GB
- Number of channels: 2 (Dual)
- Less interesting indicators are timings and frequency: 665.1 MHz (the DDR standard implies two-way exchange of information with memory, so the true frequency is 1333 MHz).
The following conclusions can be drawn: at the computer (in in this case– laptop) there are clearly 2 slots, both are occupied. This is indicated by the two-channel operating mode, which is possible only if there is an even number of strips. Another conclusion is a clearly non-standard configuration: 4+2 GB of RAM. Typically, manufacturers set the amount of RAM that is a multiple of 2: 2, 4, 8, or 16 gigabytes. This means that the owner has already upgraded the RAM.
Much more detailed information is described in the next tab of the CPU-Z utility: SPD (brain speed). In the upper left part of the window you can actually see that there are 2 slots, both of them are occupied. The first connector houses a 2 gig (2048 MB) chip with a frequency of 667 (1333 MHz). The second has 4 gigabytes (4096 MB) with the same frequency of 1333.
A couple of information bonuses: the production date of one of the RAMs is visible (week 9 of 2011), and the manufacturers of both sticks: Nanya and PNY.
How can you upgrade the RAM in the example above? 6 gigabytes is quite sufficient volume for 2016, but if you have a strong desire, you can buy one 4 GB DDR3 stick (price - about 26 dollars), and insert it instead of the old 2 GB one (by the way, you can sell it for 5 dollars). 8). The result will be 8 gigabytes of RAM.
Manufacturers of RAM: which one is better. And – final tips
Whoever produces RAM: the processor giant AMD, Samsung and LG, and numerous Kingston, Corsair, etc. In the most numerous segment of RAM there is really no difference between manufacturers. They all produce reliable and fast DDR, which is capable of some overclocking.
You should think about the manufacturer only in cases where more serious overclocking, special requirements for reliability, and, perhaps, for the artistic beauty of RAM are required. That's right, more expensive models are available with optional, but amazingly cute radiators for cooling the modules.
And further. RAM is a remarkably reliable thing. It is quite safe to pick it up, “used” - most likely, it will work for many more years, with the same characteristics and energy consumption.
Anyone can face the problem of having all their RAM available. At one point, when you decide to add one or more sticks of RAM to your computer, the following situation occurs. In the system properties it says that 4GB is installed, but only 2GB is available. Or instead of 8GB, 4GB is available.
In this article we will tell you how to fix this problem and force Windows to use all RAM.
How to make all installed RAM available?
The first step is to decide on a couple of things. First - . If you have 32 (x86) bit Windows, then it will not see more than 3.2 GB of RAM! The only option in this case is to install a 64-bit OS.
Also, if used, it will consume some amount of your RAM. Usually no more than 700MB. This can only be corrected by installing a discrete (stand-alone) video card with its own video memory.
If you have 64-bit Windows and a discrete video card, but not all the RAM is available, then you need to do the following.
To begin, open the system unit, remove all RAM modules and wipe the contacts on them with an alcohol wipe/simple eraser and install them back, preferably swapping places. This helps many people.
One of possible reasons- poor RAM contact
The next step is to enable the function in the BIOS settings. It is usually located in the Advanced -> North Bridge Configuration section.
Enabling the Memory Remap Feature in the BIOS
You also need to go to the system configurator by pressing the “Windows” + “R” buttons on the keyboard and entering the “msconfig” command in the window that opens.
The combination of the “Win” + “R” buttons on the keyboard
Open the system configurator with the msconfig command
In the window that opens, go to the “Download” -> “Advanced options” tab.
RAM is one of the main components of stable computer operation. Without it, the PC is impossible to operate, and without enough RAM, the user will not be able to run some programs. Let's look at how RAM works, how to increase the amount of RAM and other points.
First, let's figure out what reducing RAM or RAM means. In Russian it sounds like “Random Access Memory”, and in English it sounds like “Random Access Memory”. The peculiarity of the part lies in the fact that it only works when the computer is turned on. RAM stores data processed by the processor and executable codes.
The operating principle of RAM is as follows:
- Each memory cell has its own row and column.
- When working, the computer sends a signal to one of the lines.
- Due to the electrical signal, the transistor opens.
- The sent charge from the capacitor goes into one of the available columns, to which the sensitive amplifier is connected.
- The flow supplied by the discharged capacitor is registered through an amplifier, after which the required command is issued.
Due to the fact that RAM operates on semiconductors, it cannot store information in the absence of current.
How to increase RAM in a computer and laptop?
Briefly described, there are several ways to increase the amount of RAM. The main one is adding new brackets to the motherboard. Alternatively, you can change the paging file data. Let's look at each method in more detail.
Increasing capacity using memory modules
For stable operation modern computers you must have at least 2 GB of RAM depending on the installed operating system. For example, the same amount is required for Windows 10 64 bit. The main way to increase this indicator is to add or replace RAM sticks.
It is important to understand that the module must fit a computer or laptop. For example, PCs with older processors do not support 1666 MHz RAM. The same goes for motherboards - most older models cannot handle parts with more than 4 GB of memory.
In order not to make a mistake, the PC owner needs to know the model name motherboard and processor.
To check the processor you need to perform slightly different steps:
This way you can check the compatibility of the RAM with other PC parts.
How to determine the type of RAM
Before purchasing new devices, it is also important to know their type. If you buy the wrong bar, you will have to return it.
There are 4 types of RAM:
- Ddr1 is the most “ancient”;
- Ddr2 - also outdated;
- Ddr3 - still in use;
- Ddr4 is the newest development:
There are several ways to determine what type is installed on your computer. First of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the sticker on the front side of the bar, if there is one. Most often, it indicates the type of memory, capacity and other information. If the type is not directly specified, then you can use other markings. For example, if it says “PC3”, then it is ddr3, and if it says “PC2” then it is ddr2.
The most reliable method is to look at the cutouts between the yellow pads. The diagram below will help you figure this out:
Last Method: Using Special Scanning Software installed components. For example, this is perfect for "AIDA64".
Laptops use the same markings, but a slightly different scheme. The dimensions of the planks are much smaller.
Installing RAM Modules
First of all, you need to open the computer case from the side where you can access the motherboard. Necessarily completely turn off the computer, unplug the wire from the socket and turn off the power by holding down the “Start” button. Depending on the type of case you are using, you will have to unscrew the screws on the back of the PC and remove the cover, remove the latches, or simply open it like a door.
We find slots for RAM on the motherboard. They should look something like this:
If there are already modules in place of which new ones should be installed, you need to dismantle them. To do this, press the latches on the sides and remove the strips. You must be very careful, as this is a very sensitive, fragile part.
Now we take new RAM and install it in a free slot. To do this, you need to insert the bar so that the groove coincides with the protrusion in the connector. You need to lightly press the module so that it fits completely into the connector. During installation, a click may be heard, which means that the latches have automatically latched and the memory is installed correctly. If this does not happen, but the bar is installed, manually “snap” it.
It is recommended to insert paired RAM into slots of the same color, if any. On most motherboards, the connectors are painted in two colors - 2 in one, 2 in the other. Installing two identical parts into slots with the same coloring will allow the devices to operate in dual-channel mode.
After this, close the case cover, tighten the bolts and connect the PC to electricity. We try to start the computer - if the system starts as usual, then everything is done correctly. If there is any doubt about the functionality, it is recommended to check the new parts using.
In laptops the principle is almost the same, but there are slight differences. First you need to turn off your laptop and unplug it from the network. Next, remove the battery - depending on the device model, you will have to unscrew the screws on the back cover or use another method to open the case. After the battery has been removed, you need to press the power button - this will eliminate static charges.
To find the RAM slot you need to remove the panel on the bottom of the device. There may be several panels, therefore, for reliability, it is recommended to read the documents received upon purchase or search online for disassembly of a specific model.
Most often, two RAM slots are available. Budget models boast only one connector. More expensive devices may have more room for more RAM. To remove the old strips you need to open the latches on the sides. Once they are released, the part will rise at a 45° angle.
Carefully insert the new module at the same angle, checking that it fits correctly into the connector. Next, you need to press the bar from top to bottom so that the latches on the sides automatically close. Next, we return all the panels to their place, install the battery and close the housing cover. We try to turn on the device. If you have any doubts about the functionality of your laptop, check it using
Alternative ways to increase RAM
In addition to installing new components, you can use other methods to increase your computer's RAM.
Expanding RAM using a flash drive
The simplest and affordable way add RAM to a computer or laptop - use a flash drive.
Starting with Windows 7, it is possible to use the utility "Ready Boost".
- First, you need to insert the flash drive into the USB connector on your computer.
- Opening "Conductor" And right click Click on the name of the flash drive in the left menu.
- Select an item "Properties" and move on to the section "Ready Boost".
- Check the “Use this device” box.
- We indicate the volume of the flash drive that will be used as RAM, you can specify the entire volume at once.
- Click "Apply", Then "OK" and close the window.
This method is good because it does not require additional costs if you have a free flash drive. Before purchasing new modules, you can safely use it.
Changing BIOS Settings
Change BIOS settings needed to overclock RAM. At all, the main task BIOS - allowing the user to configure the operation of components, a computer, and so on.
- Reboot the computer and press the key to enter the BIOS - "Del","Esc","F2" and so on. You can press several keys at once so that you don’t have to restart your PC later.
- Click "Ctrl+F1", the advanced settings window will open; if it doesn’t, go to point "Advanced BIOS Features".
- Select an item "System Memory Multiplier" or "Advanced DRAM Configuration".
- In chapter "DRAM Timing Selectable" set the mode "Manual", that is, manual settings.
- We save the changes and, if desired, experiment with changing the timings.
- We restart the computer, in special programs(for example, AIDA64) change the settings.
This way you can customize your PC for yourself. It is important to understand that changes to the settings should be made by a person who understands this at least a little.
We hope that after this you understand the principle of increasing your computer’s RAM. If you have any questions, be sure to ask them in the comments!
Now, having learned what it is and what and how it serves, many of you are probably thinking about purchasing a more powerful and productive RAM for your computer. After all, increasing computer performance with additional memory RAM is the simplest and cheapest (unlike, for example, a video card) method of upgrading your pet.
And... Here you are standing at the display case with packages of RAMs. There are many of them and they are all different. Questions arise: Which RAM should I choose?How to choose the right RAM and not make a mistake?What if I buy a RAM and then it doesn’t work? These are completely reasonable questions. In this article I will try to answer all these questions. As you already understand, this article will take its rightful place in the series of articles in which I wrote about how to choose the right individual computer components, i.e. iron. If you haven't forgotten, it included the following articles:
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This cycle will continue, and in the end you will be able to assemble for yourself a super computer that is perfect in every sense 🙂 (if finances allow, of course :))
In the meantime learning how to choose the right RAM for your computer.
Go!
RAM and its main characteristics.
When choosing RAM for your computer, you must take into account your motherboard and processor because RAM modules are installed on the motherboard and it also supports certain types of RAM. This creates a relationship between motherboard, processor and RAM.
Find out about what RAM does your motherboard and processor support? You can go to the manufacturer’s website, where you need to find the model of your motherboard, as well as find out which processors and RAM it supports. If you don’t do this, it will turn out that you bought a super modern RAM, but it is not compatible with your motherboard and will gather dust somewhere in your closet. Now let's move directly to the main technical characteristics of RAM, which will serve as unique criteria when choosing RAM. These include:
Here I have listed the main characteristics of RAM that you should pay attention to first when purchasing it. Now we will reveal each of them in turn.
Type of RAM.
Today, the most preferred type of memory in the world is memory modules DDR(double data rate). They differ in release time and, of course, technical parameters.
- DDR or DDR SDRAM(translated from English: Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory - synchronous dynamic memory with random access and double data transfer rate). Modules of this type have 184 contacts on the strip, are powered by a voltage of 2.5 V and have a clock frequency of up to 400 megahertz. This type RAM is already obsolete and is used only in old motherboards.
- DDR2- widespread in given time memory type. Has on printed circuit board 240 contacts (120 on each side). Consumption, unlike DDR1, is reduced to 1.8 V. The clock frequency ranges from 400 MHz to 800 MHz.
- DDR3- the leader in performance at the time of writing this article. It is no less common than DDR2 and consumes 30-40% less voltage compared to its predecessor (1.5 V). Has a clock frequency of up to 1800 MHz.
- DDR4- new, super modern type RAM, ahead of its counterparts both in performance (clock frequency) and voltage consumption (and therefore characterized by lower heat generation). Support for frequencies from 2133 to 4266 MHz is announced. On this moment These modules have not yet entered mass production (they promise to release them into mass production in mid-2012). Officially, modules fourth generation, operating in mode DDR4-2133 at a voltage of 1.2 V were presented at CES by Samsung on January 4, 2011.
Amount of RAM.
I won’t write much about memory capacity. Let me just say that it is in this case that size matters :)
Just a few years ago, RAM of 256-512 MB satisfied all the needs of even cool gaming computers. At present, for normal functioning, only the operating room is separate windows systems 7 requires 1 GB of memory, not to mention applications and games. There will never be too much RAM, but I’ll tell you a secret that 32-bit Windows uses only 3.25 GB of RAM, even if you install all 8 GB of RAM. You can read more about this.
Dimensions of the planks or the so-called Form factor.
Form - factor- these are the standard sizes of RAM modules, the type of design of the RAM strips themselves.
DIMM(Dual InLine Memory Module - a double-sided type of module with contacts on both sides) - mainly intended for desktop desktop computers, A SO-DIMM used in laptops.
Clock frequency.
This is a fairly important technical parameter of RAM. But the motherboard also has a clock frequency, and it is important to know the operating bus frequency of this board, since if you bought, for example, a RAM module DDR3-1800, and the motherboard slot (connector) supports the maximum clock frequency DDR3-1600, then the RAM module as a result will operate at a clock frequency of 1600 MHz. In this case, all sorts of failures, errors in the operation of the system, etc. are possible.
Note: Memory bus frequency and processor frequency are completely different concepts.
From the tables above, you can understand that the bus frequency, multiplied by 2, gives the effective memory frequency (indicated in the “chip” column), i.e. gives us the data transfer speed. The name tells us the same thing. DDR(Double Data Rate) - which means double the data transfer rate.
For clarity, I will give an example of decoding in the name of the RAM module - Kingston/PC2-9600/DDR3(DIMM)/2Gb/1200MHz, Where:
—Kingston- manufacturer;
- PC2-9600— the name of the module and its throughput;
- DDR3(DIMM)— memory type (form factor in which the module is made);
— 2Gb— module volume;
- 1200MHz— effective frequency, 1200 MHz.
Bandwidth.
Bandwidth- a memory characteristic on which system performance depends. It is expressed as the product of frequency system bus on the amount of data transmitted per clock cycle. Throughput (peak data rate) is a comprehensive measure of capability RAM, it takes into account transmission frequency, bus width and the number of memory channels. The frequency indicates the potential of the memory bus per clock cycle - at a higher frequency, more data can be transferred.
The peak indicator is calculated using the formula: B=f*c, Where:
B is the bandwidth, f is the transmission frequency, c is the bus width. If you use two channels to transmit data, we multiply everything received by 2. To get a figure in bytes/s, you need to divide the result by 8 (since there are 8 bits in 1 byte).
For better performance RAM bus bandwidth And processor bus bandwidth must match. For example, for an Intel core 2 duo E6850 processor with a system bus of 1333 MHz and a bandwidth of 10600 Mb/s, you can install two modules with a bandwidth of 5300 Mb/s each (PC2-5300), in total they will have the system bus bandwidth (FSB) equal to 10600 Mb/s.
Bus frequency and bandwidth are denoted as follows: “ DDR2-XXXX" And " PC2-YYYY". Here "XXXX" denotes the effective memory frequency, and "YYYY" the peak bandwidth.
Timings (latency).
Timings (or latency)- these are time delays of the signal, which, in the technical characteristics of the RAM, are written in the form “ 2-2-2 " or " 3-3-3 " etc. Each number here expresses a parameter. In order it is always " CAS Latency"(working cycle time), " RAS to CAS Delay"(full access time) and " RAS Precharge Time» (pre-charge time).
Note
So that you can better understand the concept of timings, imagine a book, it will be our RAM that we access. Information (data) in a book (RAM) is distributed among chapters, and chapters consist of pages, which in turn contain tables with cells (as in Excel tables). Each cell with data on the page has its own vertical (columns) and horizontal (rows) coordinates. To select a row, the RAS (Raw Address Strobe) signal is used, and to read a word (data) from the selected row (i.e., to select a column), the CAS (Column Address Strobe) signal is used. The full reading cycle begins with the opening of the “page” and ends with its closing and recharging, because otherwise the cells will be discharged and the data will be lost. This is what the algorithm for reading data from memory looks like:
- the selected "page" is activated by applying the RAS signal;
- data from the selected line on the page is transmitted to the amplifier, and a delay is required for data transmission (it is called RAS-to-CAS);
- a CAS signal is given to select a (column) word from that row;
- data is transferred to the bus (from where it goes to the memory controller), and a delay also occurs (CAS Latency);
- the next word comes without delay, since it is contained in the prepared line;
- after access to the row is completed, the page is closed, the data is returned to the cells and the page is recharged (the delay is called RAS Precharge).
Each number in the designation indicates how many bus cycles the signal will be delayed. Timings are measured in nanoseconds. The numbers can have values from 2 to 9. But sometimes a fourth one is added to these three parameters (for example: 2-3-3-8), called “ DRAM Cycle Time Tras/Trc” (characterizes the performance of the entire memory chip as a whole).
It happens that sometimes a cunning manufacturer indicates only one value in the RAM characteristics, for example “ CL2"(CAS Latency), the first timing is equal to two clock cycles. But the first parameter does not have to be equal to all timings, and may be less than others, so keep this in mind and do not fall for the manufacturer’s marketing ploy.
An example to illustrate the impact of timings on performance: a system with memory at 100 MHz with 2-2-2 timings has approximately the same performance as the same system at 112 MHz, but with 3-3-3 timings. In other words, depending on latency, the performance difference can be as much as 10%.
So, when choosing, it is better to buy memory with the lowest timings, and if you want to add a module to an already installed one, then the timings of the purchased memory must match the timings of the installed memory.
Memory operating modes.
RAM can operate in several modes, if of course such modes are supported by the motherboard. This single channel, two-channel, three-channel and even four-channel modes. Therefore, when choosing RAM, you should pay attention to this module parameter.
Theoretically, the speed of operation of the memory subsystem in dual-channel mode increases by 2 times, in three-channel mode - by 3 times, respectively, etc., but in practice, in dual-channel mode, the performance increase, unlike single-channel mode, is 10-70%.
Let's take a closer look at the types of modes:
- Single channel mode(single-channel or asymmetric) – this mode is activated when only one memory module is installed in the system or all modules differ from each other in memory capacity, operating frequency or manufacturer. It doesn’t matter what slots or memory you install into. All memory will run at the speed of the slowest memory installed.
- Dual Mode(dual-channel or symmetrical) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each channel (and theoretically the maximum data transfer rate is doubled). In dual-channel mode, memory modules work in pairs: 1st with 3rd and 2nd with 4th.
- Triple Mode(three-channel) – the same amount of RAM is installed in each of the three channels. Modules are selected according to speed and volume. To enable this mode, modules must be installed in slots 1, 3 and 5/or 2, 4 and 6. In practice, by the way, this mode is not always more productive than the two-channel one, and sometimes even loses to it in data transfer speed.
- Flex Mode(flexible) – allows you to increase the performance of RAM when installing two modules of different sizes, but the same operating frequency. As in dual-channel mode, memory cards are installed in the same connectors of different channels.
Generally, the most common option is dual-channel memory mode.
To operate in multi-channel modes, there are special sets of memory modules - the so-called Kit memory(Kit set) - this set includes two (three) modules, from the same manufacturer, with the same frequency, timings and memory type.
Appearance KIT sets:
for dual channel mode
for three-channel mode
But the most important thing is that such modules are carefully selected and tested by the manufacturer itself to work in pairs (triples) in two- (three-) channel modes and do not imply any surprises in operation and configuration.
Manufacturer of modules.
Now on the market RAM Such manufacturers as have proven themselves well: Hynix, amsung, Corsair, Kingmax, Transcend, Kingston, OCZ…
Each company has its own for each product marking number, from which, if deciphered correctly, you can learn a lot for yourself useful information about the product. Let's try to decipher the module marking as an example Kingston families ValueRAM(see image):
Explanation:
- KVR– Kingston ValueRAM i.e. manufacturer
- 1066/1333 – operating/effective frequency (Mhz)
- D3- memory type (DDR3)
- D (Dual) – rank/rank. A dual-rank module is two logical modules wired onto one physical channel and alternately using the same physical channel (needed to achieve the maximum amount of RAM with a limited number of slots)
- 4 – 4 DRAM memory chips
- R – Registered, indicates stable operation without failures or errors for as long a continuous period of time as possible
- 7 – signal delay (CAS=7)
- S– temperature sensor on the module
- K2– set (kit) of two modules
- 4G– the total volume of the kit (both strips) is 4 GB.
Let me give you another example of marking CM2X1024-6400C5:
From the labeling it is clear that this is DDR2 module volume 1024 MB standard PC2-6400 and delays CL=5.
Stamps OCZ, Kingston And Corsair recommended for overclocking, i.e. have the potential for overclocking. They will be with small timings and margins clock frequency, plus they are equipped with radiators, and some even coolers for heat removal, because... When overclocking, the amount of heat increases significantly. The price for them will naturally be much higher.
I advise you not to forget about fakes (there are a lot of them on the shelves) and buy RAM modules only in serious stores that will give you a guarantee.
Finally:
That's all. With the help of this article, I think you will no longer be mistaken when choosing RAM for your computer. Now you can choose the right RAM for the system and increase its performance without any problems. Well, for those who will buy RAM (or have already bought it), I will dedicate the following article, in which I will describe in detail how to install RAM correctly into the system. Do not miss…
Best RAM 2019
Corsair Dominator Platinum
The best memory among its classmates with high performance and innovation in RGB technology. DDR4 standard, speed 3200MHz, default timings 16.18.18.36, two 16 GB modules. The strips have bright Capellix RGB LED backlights, an advanced iCUE program, and Dominator DHX heat sinks. The only problem is that the height of the module may not be suitable.
Corsair, as always, with every new model surpasses itself, Dominator Platinum is no exception. Today it is the favorite DDR4 memory kit for gamers and owners of powerful workstations. The appearance of the modules is sleek and stylish to appeal to gaming enthusiasts, DHX cooling works efficiently, and the performance of the slats is ready to become a legend. In any case, it will provide the user with flagship parameters for many years. Now the memory has a new design, a new, brighter Corsair Capellix backlight with 12 LEDs. Software(proprietary) iCUE provides flexible memory configuration for maximum performance. If you have changed the motherboard or processor, or maybe the graphics accelerator, the memory can be configured as native for any new component.
The price tag for memory is slightly higher than that of other manufacturers, but this is compensated for highest quality and amazing performance.
Hello, friends! In this article, we tried to answer many of your questions regarding RAM. ? How can I find out what RAM I have installed and how much? How to choose the right RAM for your computer. How do you know if your RAM is running in dual channel mode or not? What is better to buy, one 8GB DDR3 memory stick or two 4GB sticks each? And finally.
- If you are interested, or, also read our articles.
- Hello admin, one of my friends asks me to install more RAM. The computer properties show a capacity of 2 GB. We turned off the computer, opened the system unit, there was one stick of RAM, took it out, and there were no marks on it. Interestingly, it was not possible to determine the model of the motherboard. The computer was purchased a long time ago, so the question arose - how to find out the type of RAM it needs? After all, RAM differs in type, frequency and timing.
- Hi all! I wanted to buy additional RAM, I removed the cover of the system unit, took out the RAM stick and I can’t decipher the information written on it, it’s just written there serial number that's all. It is completely unclear at what frequency it operates and what type it is, DDR3 or DDR2. How to distinguish DDR3 from DDR2 memory, how do they differ in appearance?
- I have one stick of 4 GB DDR3-1600 RAM in the system unit, I want to install another stick, also 4 GB, but running at a higher frequency DDR3-1866. Will my computer work normally, and most importantly, in dual-channel mode?
My friend installed three RAM sticks of different sizes and frequencies into the system unit. Is this allowed? But what’s strange is that his computer works fine! - Tell me, how can I check whether my RAM works in dual-channel mode or not? And what conditions are needed for my memory to work in dual-channel mode. Same volume? Same frequency or same timings? How much faster does a computer run in dual-channel mode than in single-channel mode? They say that there is also a three-channel mode.
- What will work better, two sticks of 4 GB of RAM in dual-channel mode or one stick, but with a capacity of 8 GB, respectively, the memory mode will be single-channel?
To find out all the information about a RAM module, you need to carefully examine it; usually the manufacturer labels the RAM with the proper information about the frequency, volume and type of RAM. If there is no such information on the module, then you need to find out everything about the motherboard and the installed processor, sometimes this action turns into a whole investigation.
- Important Notes: Friends, do not forget that all new processors Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7 The RAM controller is located in the processor itself (previously it was controlled by the north bridge of the motherboard) and the memory modules are now directly controlled by the processor itself, the same applies to latest processors AMD.
- This means that it doesn't matter what RAM frequency your motherboard supports. It is important what RAM frequency your processor supports. If your computer has a processorIntel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7, then the officially supported memory standards of these processors: PC3-8500 (DDR3-1066 MHz), PC3-10600 (DDR3-1333 MHz), PC3-12800 (DDR3-1600 MHz), it is at these frequencies that your RAM will operate, even if the motherboard's passport indicates that the motherboard can work with RAM strips high frequency PC3-19200 (DDR3-2400 MHz).
- It's another matter if your processor has unlocked multiplier, that is, with the letter “K” at the end, for example CPU Intel Core i7-4770 K, 3.5 GHz. An unlocked multiplier means that in a computer with such a processor you can install memory sticks of the highest frequency, for example DDR3-1866 MHz or DDR3-2400 MHz, such a processor can be overclocked and during overclocking the RAM will operate at its frequency of 2400 MHz . If you install the RAM stick DDR3-1866 MHz or DDR3-2400 MHz into a computer with a conventional processor, that is, with locked multiplier without letter" K” at the end, for exampleIntel Core i7-3770, 3.9 GHz then such a bar will work at best at a frequency DDR3-1600 MHz, and in the worst case, the computer will not boot. Therefore, buy RAM that is suitable for your processor.
- Concerning processorsAMD recent years, then they work with memoryPC3-10600 (DDR3-1333 MHz).
Firstly, the RAM stick itself should contain all the information you are interested in, you just need to read it correctly. I don’t argue, there are memory strips that have practically nothing on them, but we can handle them too.
For example, let’s take a Hynix RAM stick, it has the following information: 4 GB PC3 – 12800.
What does the following mean:
firstly, the volume is 4 GB,
secondly, 1Rx8 - Rank - a memory area created by several or all chips of a memory module, 1Rx8 are single-sided memory ranks, and 2Rx8 are double-sided memory ranks.
As you can see, this bar does not say that it is DDR2 or DDR3, but the throughput of PC3-12800 is indicated. PC3 is a designation for peak bandwidth belonging only to the DDR3 type (for DDR2 RAM the designation will be PC2, for example PC2-6400).
This means that our Hynix RAM stick is DDR3 and has PC3-12800 bandwidth. If the bandwidth of 12800 is divided by eight and you get 1600. That is, this DDR3 memory stick operates at a frequency of 1600 MHz.
Read everything about DDR2 and DDR3 RAM on the website
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3 and everything will become clear to you.
Let's take another RAM module - Crucial 4GB DDR3 1333 (PC3 - 10600). This means the following: volume 4 GB, memory type DDR3, frequency 1333 MHz, PC3-10600 bandwidth is also indicated.
Manufacturer Patriot, capacity 1 GB, PC2 bandwidth – 6400. PC2 is a designation for peak bandwidth belonging only to the DDR2 type (for DDR3 RAM the designation will be PC3, for example PC3-12800). We divide the bandwidth of 6400 by eight and get 800. That is, this DDR2 memory stick operates at a frequency of 800 MHz.
One more plank- Kingston KHX6400D2 LL/1G
Manufacturer Kingston, bandwidth 6400, type DDR2, capacity 1 GB. We divide the bandwidth by 8, we get a frequency of 800 MHz.
But this stick of RAM has more important information, it has a non-standard microcircuit supply voltage: 2.0 V - set manually in the BIOS.
RAM modules differ in the size of the contact pads and the location of the cutouts. Using a cutout, you will not be able to install a RAM module in a slot not intended for it. For example, you cannot install a DDR3 memory stick in a DDR2 slot.
Everything is clearly visible in this diagram.
Sometimes there will be no clear information on the RAM module other than the name of the module itself. But the module cannot be removed, since it is under warranty. But by the name you can understand what kind of memory it is. For example
Kingston KHX1600 C9D3 X2K2/8G X, all this means:
KHX 1600 -> RAM operates at 1600 MHz
C9 -> Timings (Delays) 9-9-9
D3 -> RAM type DDR3
8G X -> Volume 4 GB.
You can simply type the name of the module in search engines and you will find out all the information about it.
For example, information from the AIDA64 program about my RAM. RAM modules Kingston HyperX installed in RAM slots 2 and 4, memory type DDR3, frequency 1600 MHz
DIMM2: Kingston HyperX KHX1600C9D3/4GX DDR3-1600 DDR3 SDRAM
DIMM4: Kingston HyperX KHX1600C9D3/4GX DDR3-1600 DDR3 SDRAM
Is it possible to install RAM sticks with different frequencies into a computer?
The RAM frequency does not have to be the same. The motherboard will set the frequency for all installed RAM sticks according to the slowest module. But I want to say that often a computer with brackets of different frequencies is unstable.
Let's do a simple experiment. For example, let's take my computer, it has two identical Kingston HyperX RAM modules, memory type DDR3, frequency 1600 MHz.
If I run the AIDA64 program on my Windows 8, it will show the following information (see the following screenshot). That is, the program AIDA64 shows simple specifications each of the RAM sticks, in our case both sticks have a frequency1600 MHz. But the programAIDA64 does not show at what frequency the RAM modules are currently operating; this needs to be looked at in another program called CPU-Z.
If you run free program CPU-Z and go to the Memory tab, it will show you exactly what frequency your RAM sticks are operating at. My memory operates in dual-channel Dual mode, frequency 800 MHz, since the memory is DDR3, its effective (double) speed is 1600 MHz. This means that my RAM sticks operate exactly at the frequency for which they are designed: 1600 MHz. But what will happen if next to your RAM strips operating at a frequency 1600 MHz I will set another bar with frequency 1333 MHz!?
Let's install an additional DDR3 memory stick in my system unit, operating at a lower frequency of 1333 MHz.
Let's look at what AIDA64 shows, the program shows that an additional 4 GB stick is installed, with a frequency of 1333 MHz.
Now let’s run the CPU-Z program and see at what frequency all three sticks operate. As we can see, the frequency is 668.7 MHz, since the memory is DDR3, its effective (double) speed is 1333 MHz.
That is, the motherboard automatically set the operating frequency of all RAM sticks to the slowest module at 1333 MHz.
It is not advisable to install RAM sticks in your computer with a frequency higher than what the motherboard supports. For example, if your motherboard supports a maximum RAM frequency of 1600 MHz, and you installed a RAM module operating at a frequency of 1866 on your computer, then in the best case, this module will operate at a lower frequency of 1600 MHz, and in the worst case, the module will operate at its frequency 1866 MHz, but the computer will periodically reboot itself or you will receive when you boot your computer blue screen, in this case you will have to enter the BIOS and manually set the RAM frequency to 1600 MHz.
Timings(signal delay) determine how often the processor can access RAM. If you have a quad-core processor and it has a large second-level cache, then too long timings are not a problem, since the processor accesses RAM less often. Is it possible to install RAM sticks with different timings in a computer? The timings also do not have to match. The motherboard will automatically set timings for all modules according to the slowest module.
What conditions are needed for my memory to work in dual-channel mode? Before buying RAM, you need to study as much information as possible about the motherboard. All information about your motherboard can be found in the manual that came with it upon purchase. If the manual is lost, you need to go to the official website of your motherboard. You will also find the article “How to find out the model and all information about your motherboard” useful.Most often these days there are motherboards that support the RAM operating modes described below. Dual Mode (two-channel mode, most common)– if you look closely at the motherboard, you can see that the RAM slots are painted in different colors. This was done on purpose and means that the motherboard supports dual-channel RAM operation. That is, two RAM modules with the same characteristics (frequency, timings) and the same volume are specially selected and installed in RAM slots of the same color.
If your computer has one stick of RAM installed, but the motherboard supports dual-channel mode, you can buy an additional stick of RAM of exactly the same frequency and capacity and install both sticks in DIMM slots of the same color.
Is there an advantage to dual channel mode over single channel mode?
During normal work on a computer, you will not notice the difference, but when working in applications that actively use RAM, for example Adobe Premiere Pro (video editing), (Canopus) ProCoder (video encoding), Photoshop (working with images), games, you can feel the difference.
Note: Some motherboards will operate in dual-channel mode even if you install RAM modules of different sizes in the same color DIMM slots. For example, you will install a 512MB module in the first DIMM slot, and a 1GB stick in the third slot. The motherboard activates dual-channel mode for the entire volume of the first 512MB stick, and for the second stick (interestingly) also 512MB, and the remaining 512MB of the second stick will work in single-channel mode.
How do I know if my RAM is working in dual channel mode or not? Download the free CPU-Z program and go to the Memory tab, look at the Channel parameter in our case - Dual, which means the RAM operates in dual-channel mode. If the Channels parameter is Single, then the RAM operates in single-channel mode.
My opinion is that during normal work on a computer they will work the same, I personally didn’t notice much of a difference. I worked for a long time on a computer with one large stick of RAM and the performance was the same as on exactly the same computer with two sticks of RAM running in dual-channel mode. A survey of friends and acquaintances of system administrators confirmed me in this opinion. But when working with programs that actively use RAM, for example Adobe Premiere Pro, Canopus ProCoder, Photoshop, games, a computer with two sticks of RAM will work faster.
Of course it is possible, but not advisable. The computer will work more stable if it implements the RAM operating mode recommended in the motherboard data sheet. For example, two-channel mode.